Fucoidan from Brown Seaweed: Extraction, Characterization, Structure and Bioactivities

Afonso, N. C., Catarino, M. D., Silva, A. M. S., & Cardoso, S. M. (2019). Brown macroalgae as valuable food ingredients. Antioxidants, 8(9), 365. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8090365

Ajisaka, K. Y. T. M. K. (2016). Structural Characteristics and Antioxidant Activities of Fucoidans from Five Brown Seaweeds. Journal of Applied Glycoscience, 63(2), 31–37.

Alboofetileh, M., Rezaei, M., Tabarsa, M., Rittà, M., Donalisio, M., Mariatti, F., You, S. G., Lembo, D., & Cravotto, G. (2019). Effect of different non-conventional extraction methods on the antibacterial and antiviral activity of fucoidans extracted from Nizamuddinia zanardinii. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 124, 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.201

Alboofetileh, M., Rezaei, M., Tabarsa, M., You, S. G., Mariatti, F., & Cravotto, G. (2019). Subcritical water extraction as an efficient technique to isolate biologically active fucoidans from Nizamuddinia zanardinii. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 128, 244–253.

Ale, M. T., & Meyer, A. S. (2013). Fucoidans from brown seaweeds: An update on structures, extraction techniques and use of enzymes as tools for structural elucidation. Royal Society of Chemistry Advances, 3(22), 8131–8141. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra23373a

Alghazeer, R., Azwai, S., Garbaj, A. M., Amr, A., Elghmasi, S., Sidati, M., Yudiati, E., Kubbat, M. G., Eskandrani, A. A., Shamlan, G., & Alansari, W. S. (2022). Alkaloid-rich extracts from brown algae against multidrug-resistant bacteria by distinctive mode of action. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 47, 179–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-05592-w

Alloyarova, Y. V., Kolotova, D. S., & Derkach, S. R. (2024). Nutritional and therapeutic potential of functional components of brown seaweed: A review. Foods and Raw Materials, 12(2), 398–419. https://doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2024-2-616

Alter, M. J. (2007). Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 13(17), 2436–2441. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v13.i17.2436

Arunkumar, R., Raj, R., & Carvalho, I. S. (2021). Brown seaweeds as a source of anti-hyaluronidase compounds. South African Journal of Botany, 139, 470–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.03.036

B. Kaufmann, P. C. (2002). Recent extraction techniques for natural products: microwave-assisted extraction and pressurised solvent extraction. Phytochemical Analysis, 13, 105–113.

Salehi, B., Sharifi-Rad, J., Seca, A. M. L., Pinto, D. C. G. A., Michalak, I., Trincone, A., Mishra, A. P., Nigam, M., Zam, W., & Martins, N. (2019). Current trends on seaweeds: Looking at chemical composition, phytopharmacology, and cosmetic applications. Molecules, 24(22), 4182. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24224182

Bajwa, B., Xing, X., Serin, S. C., Hayes, M., Terry, S. A., Gruninger, R. J., & Abbott, D. W. (2024). Characterization of unfractionated polysaccharides in brown seaweed by methylation-GC-MS-based linkage analysis. Marine Drugs, 22(10), 464. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22100464

Balboa, E., Rivas, S., Moure, A., Domínguez, H., & Parajó, J. (2013). Simultaneous Extraction and Depolymerization of Fucoidan from Sargassum muticum in Aqueous Media. Marine Drugs, 11(11), 4612–4627. https://doi.org/10.3390/md11114612

Bilan, M. I., Ustyuzhanina, N. E., Shashkov, A. S., Thanh, T. T. T., Bui, M. L., Tran, T. T. Van, Bui, V. N., & Usov, A. I. (2017). Sulfated polysaccharides of the Vietnamese brown alga Sargassum aquifolium (Fucales, Sargassaceae). Carbohydrate Research, 449, 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2017.06.016

Bojorges, H., Martínez-Sanz, M., Fontes-Candia, C., Díaz-Piñero, L., Martínez-Abad, A., López-Rubio, A., & Fabra, M. J. (2025). Protein extraction from the industrial solid residue of brown seaweed after alginate extraction. Food Hydrocolloids, 159, 110708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2024.110708

Boon, F., van den Broek, B., Engelen-Smit, N., Geerdink, P., Nieuwland, M., & Pouvreau, L. (n.d.). Functional protein extraction from brown seaweed from the North Sea. Wageningen University and Research.

Brok, J., Gluud, L. L., & Gluud, C. (2010). Meta-analysis: Ribavirin plus interferon vs. interferon monotherapy for chronic hepatitic C - An updated Cochrane review. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 32(7), 840–850. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04423.x

Buck, C. B., Thompson, C. D., Roberts, J. N., Müller, M., Lowy, D. R., & Schiller, J. T. (2006). Carrageenan is a potent inhibitor of papillomavirus infection. PLoS Pathogens, 2(7), 0671–0680. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0020069

Buschmann, A. H., Camus, C., Infante, J., Neori, A., Israel, Á., Hernández-González, M. C., Pereda, S. V., Gomez-Pinchetti, J. L., Golberg, A., & Tadmor-Shalev, N. (2017). Seaweed production: Overview of the global state of exploitation, farming and emerging research activity. European Journal of Phycology, 52(4), 391–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2017.1365175

Cabral, E. M., Mondala, J. R. M., Oliveira, M., Przyborska, J., Fitzpatrick, S., Rai, D. K., Sivagnanam, S. P., Garcia-Vaquero, M., O’Shea, D., Devereux, M., Tiwari, B. K., & Curtin, J. (2021). Influence of molecular weight fractionation on the antimicrobial and anticancer properties of a fucoidan rich-extract from the macroalgae Fucus vesiculosus. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 186, 994–1002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.182

Catarino, M. D., Pires, S. M. G., Silva, S., Costa, F., Braga, S. S., Pinto, D. C. G. A., Silva, A. M. S., & Cardoso, S. M. (2022). Overview of phlorotannins’ constituents in Fucales. Marine Drugs, 20(12), 754. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20120754

Celente, G. de S., Sui, Y., & Acharya, P. (2023). Seaweed as an alternative protein source: Prospective protein extraction technologies. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 86, 103374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2023.103374

Chale-Dzul, J., Moo-Puc, R., Robledo, D., & Freile-Pelegrín, Y. (2015). Hepatoprotective effect of the fucoidan from the brown seaweed Turbinaria tricostata. Journal of Applied Phycology, 27(5), 2123–2135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-014-0429-9

Chale-Dzul, J., Pérez-Cabeza de Vaca, R., Quintal-Novelo, C., Olivera-Castillo, L., & Moo-Puc, R. (2020). Hepatoprotective effect of a fucoidan extract from Sargassum fluitans Borgesen against CCl4-induced toxicity in rats. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 145, 500–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.183

Chen, C. Y., Wang, S. H., Huang, C. Y., Dong, C. Di, Huang, C. Y., Chang, C. C., & Chang, J. S. (2021). Effect of molecular mass and sulfate content of fucoidan from Sargassum siliquosum on antioxidant, anti-lipogenesis, and anti-inflammatory activity. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 132(4), 359–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.06.005

Chen, J., Yang, J., Du, H., Aslam, M., Wang, W., Chen, W., Li, T., Liu, Z., & Liu, X. (2021). Laminarin, a major polysaccharide in Stramenopiles. Marine Drugs, 19(10), 576. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19100576

Chen, Z., Shen, N., Wu, X., Jia, J., Wu, Y., Chiba, H., & Hui, S. (2023). Extraction and quantitation of phytosterols from edible brown seaweeds: Optimization, validation, and application. Foods, 12(2), 244. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12020244

Cho, M. L., Han, J. H., & You, S. G. (2011). Inhibitory effects of fucan sulfates on enzymatic hydrolysis of starch. LWT, 44(4), 1164–1171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2010.09.019

Cikos, A. M., Jokić, S., Šubarić, D., & Jerković, I. (2018). Overview on the application of modern methods for the extraction of bioactive compounds from marine macroalgae. Marine Drugs, 16(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/md16100348

Circuncisão, A. R., Catarino, M. D., Cardoso, S. M., & Silva, A. M. S. (2018). Minerals from macroalgae origin: Health benefits and risks for consumers. Marine Drugs, 16(11), 400. https://doi.org/10.3390/md16110400

Cornberg, M., Wedemeyer, H., & Manns, M. P. (2002). Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with PEGylated interferon and ribavirin. Current Gastroenterology Reports, 4(1), 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-002-0034-y

Gabbia, D., & De Martin, S. (2020). Brown seaweeds for the management of metabolic syndrome and associated diseases. Molecules, 25(18), 4182. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184182

de Melo, K. D. C. M., Lisboa, L. dos S., Queiroz, M. F., Paiva, W. S., Luchiari, A. C., Camara, R. B. G., Costa, L. S., & Rocha, H. A. O. (2022). Antioxidant Activity of Fucoidan Modified with Gallic Acid Using the Redox Method. Marine Drugs, 20(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/md20080490

Deutsch, M., & Hadziyannis, S. J. (2008). Old and emerging therapies in chronic hepatitis C: An update. Journal of Viral Hepatitis, 15(1), 2–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2893.2007.00887.x

Dobrinčić, A., Balbino, S., Zorić, Z., Pedisić, S., & Bursać Kovačević, D., Elez Garofulić, I., & Dragović-Uzelac, V. (2020). Advanced Technologies for the Extraction of Marine Brown Algal Polysaccharides. Marine Drugs, 18(3), 168. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/md18030168

Du, B., Zhu, F., & Xu, B. (2014). β-Glucan extraction from bran of hull-less barley by accelerated solvent extraction combined with response surface methodology. Journal of Cereal Science, 59(1), 95–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2013.11.004

Echave, J., Fraga-Corral, M., Garcia-Perez, P., Popović-Djordjević, J., Avdović, H., Radulović, M., Xiao, J., Prieto, M. A., & Simal-Gandara, J. (2021). Seaweed protein hydrolysates and bioactive peptides: Extraction, purification, and applications. Marine Drugs, 19(9), 500. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19090500

Echave, J., Lourenço-Lopes, C., Cassani, L., Fraga-Corral, M., Garcia-Perez, P., Otero, P., Carreira-Casais, A., Perez-Gregorio, R., Baamonde, S., Fernández Saa, F., Simal-Gandara, J., & Prieto, M. A. (2022). Evidence and perspectives on the use of phlorotannins as novel antibiotics and therapeutic natural molecules. Medical Sciences Forum, 12(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/eca2022-12728

Elizondo-Gonzalez, R., Cruz-Suarez, L. E., Ricque-Marie, D., Mendoza-Gamboa, E., Rodriguez-Padilla, C., & Trejo-Avila, L. M. (2012). In vitro characterization of the antiviral activity of fucoidan from Cladosiphon okamuranus against Newcastle Disease Virus. Virology Journal, 9, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-9-307

Fan, S., Xu, Y., Wang, L., Gao, X., Shim, S. M., & Fu, X. (2024). Sargassum hornery fucoidan oligosaccharide: Purification, characterization, and antioxidant effects targeting the MAPK and KEAP1-NRF2 signaling pathways. Algal Research, 84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2024.103756

Farvin, S. K. H., Alagarsamy, S., Al-Haddad, S., & Al-Yamani, F. (2023). Composition, in vitro antioxidant and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory effects of lipids isolated from fifteen species of seaweeds. Food Chemistry Advances, 3, 100352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2023.100352

Fernando, I. P. S., Nah, J. W., & Jeon, Y. J. (2016). Potential anti-inflammatory natural products from marine algae. In Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology (Vol. 48, pp. 22–30). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2016.09.023

Fernando, I. P. S., Sanjeewa, K. K. A., Samarakoon, K. W., Lee, W. W., Kim, H. S., Kang, N., Ranasinghe, P., Lee, H. S., & Jeon, Y. J. (2017). A fucoidan fraction puri ed from Chnoospora minima; a potential inhibitor of LPS‐induced in amatory responses. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 104, 1185–1193.

Fernando, I. P. S., Sanjeewa, K. K. A., Samarakoon, K. W., Lee, W. W., Kim, H. S., Kang, N., Ranasinghe, P., Lee, H. S., & Jeon, Y. J. (2017). A fucoidan fraction purified from Chnoospora minima; a potential inhibitor of LPS-induced inflammatory responses. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 104, 1185–1193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.031

Flores-Contreras, E. A., Araújo, R. G., Rodríguez-Aguayo, A. A., Guzmán-Román, M., García-Venegas, J. C., Nájera-Martínez, E. F., Sosa-Hernández, J. E., Iqbal, H. M. N., Melchor-Martínez, E. M., & Parra-Saldivar, R. (2023). Polysaccharides from the Sargassum and brown algae genus: Extraction, purification, and their potential therapeutic applications. Plants, 12(13), 2445. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12132445

Ford, L., Stratakos, A. C., Theodoridou, K., Dick, J. T. A., Sheldrake, G. N., Linton, M., Corcionivoschi, N., & Walsh, P. J. (2020). Polyphenols from brown seaweeds as a potential antimicrobial agent in animal feeds. ACS Omega, 5(16), 9093–9103. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b03687

Fried, M. W., Shiffman, M. L., Reddy, K. R., Smith, C., Marinos, G., Goncales, F. ., HÄussinger, D., Diago, M., Carosi, G., Dhumeaux, D., Craxi, A., Lin, A., Hoffman, J., & Yu, J. (2002). PEGINTERFERON ALFA-2a PLUS RIBAVIRIN FOR CHRONIC HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION. The New England Journal of Medicine, 347(13), 975–982.

Fu, Z., Li, H., Liu, H., Hu, S., Li, Y., Wang, M., & Guan, H. (2016). Bioassay-guided extraction of crude fucose-containing sulphated polysaccharides from Sargassum fusiforme with response surface methodology. Journal of Ocean University of China, 15(3), 533–540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-016-2897-9

Fukuta, K., & Nakamura, T. (2008). Induction of hepatocyte growth factor by fucoidan and fucoidan-derived oligosaccharides. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 60(4), 499–503. https://doi.org/10.1211/jpp.60.4.0013

G.G. January, R K Naidoo, B Kirby McCullough, R. B. (2019). Assessing methodologies for fucoidan extraction from South African brown algae. Algal Research, 40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2019.101517

Gabbia, D., & De Martin, S. (2020). Brown seaweeds for the management of metabolic syndrome and associated diseases. Molecules, 25(18), 4182. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184182

Gabbia, D., & De Martin, S. (2020). Brown seaweeds for the management of metabolic syndrome and associated diseases. Molecules, 25(18), 4182. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184182

Gade, J. V., Gupta, N., Yadav, R. K., Rawat, R., & Jain, B. (2025). Terpenes from marine algae: Isolation, identification, and applications. In Cyanobacteria: Extraction, Purification, Toxicology and Applications (pp. 139–151). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-21674-9.00010-6

Gao, X., Cui, Q., Shi, X., Su, J., Peng, Z., Chen, X., Lei, N., Ding, K., Wang, L., Yu, R., & Wang, N. (2011). Prevalence and trend of hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in Chinese mainland: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 11(88), 1–14.

Garcia-Vaquero, M., Ummat, V., Tiwari, B., & Rajauria, G. (2020). Exploring ultrasound, microwave and ultrasound-microwave assisted extraction technologies to increase the extraction of bioactive compounds and antioxidants from brown macroalgae. Marine Drugs, 18(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/md18030172

Garcia-Vaquero, M., Ummat, V., Tiwari, B., & Rajauria, G. (2020). Exploring ultrasound, microwave and ultrasound-microwave assisted extraction technologies to increase the extraction of bioactive compounds and antioxidants from brown macroalgae. Marine Drugs, 18(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/md18030172

Gaysinski, M., Ortalo-Magné, A., Thomas, O. P., & Culioli, G. (2015). Extraction, purification, and NMR analysis of terpenes from brown algae. In Methods in Molecular Biology (Vol. 1308, pp. 207–223). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2684-8_13

Gnayem, N., Unis, R., Gnaim, R., Israel, Á., Gnaim, J., & Golberg, A. (2025). Fatty acid profile in field-collected seaweed, lipid extraction optimization, and food functional properties. Life, 15(5), 710. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050710

Gomez, I., & Huovinen, P. (2020). Brown algal phlorotannins: An overview of their functional roles. In Antarctic seaweeds (pp. 365–388). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39448-6_18

Gomez, L. P., Alvarez, C., Zhao, M., Tiwari, U., Curtin, J., Garcia-Vaquero, M., & Tiwari, B. K. (2020). Innovative processing strategies and technologies to obtain hydrocolloids from macroalgae for food applications. Carbohydrate Polymers, 248, 116784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116784

Gunasekara, D. M. N. M., Wang, L., Herath, K. H. I. N. M., & Sanjeewa, K. K. A. (2025). Cosmeceutical applications of phlorotannins from brown seaweeds. Phycology, 5(2), 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology5020015

Gunathilake, T., Akanbi, T. O., Suleria, H. A. R., Nalder, T. D., Francis, D. S., & Barr, C. J. (2022). Seaweed phenolics as natural antioxidants, aquafeed additives, veterinary treatments and cross-linkers for microencapsulation. Marine Drugs, 20(7), 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20070445.

Guo, H., Liu, F., Jia, G., Zhang, W., & Wu, F. (2013). Extraction optimization and analysis of monosaccharide composition of fucoidan from Saccharina japonica by capillary zone electrophoresis. Journal of Applied Phycology, 25(6), 1903–1908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-013-0024-5

Güven, K. C., Percot, A., & Sezik, E. (2010). Alkaloids in marine algae. Marine Drugs, 8(2), 269–284. https://doi.org/10.3390/md8020269

Habibi, M., Golmakani, M. T., Eskandari, M. H., & Hosseini, S. M. H. (2024). Potential prebiotic and antibacterial activities of fucoidan from Laminaria japonica. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131776

Hahn, T., Lang, S., Ulber, R., & Muffler, K. (2012). Novel procedures for the extraction of fucoidan from brown

Han, Y., Wu, J., Liu, T., Hu, Y., Zheng, Q., Wang, B., Lin, H., & Li, X. (2016). Separation, characterization and anticancer activities of a sulfated polysaccharide from Undaria pinnatifida. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 83, 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.049

Hannan, M. A., Sohag, A. A. M., Dash, R., Haque, M. N., Mohibbullah, M., Oktaviani, D. F., Hossain, M. T., Choi, H. J., & Moon, I. S. (2020). Phytosterols of marine algae: Insights into the potential health benefits and molecular pharmacology. Phytomedicine, 69, 153201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153201

Hao, C., Xu, Z., Xu, C., & Yao, R. (2023). Anti-herpes simplex virus activities and mechanisms of marine derived compounds. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 13(January), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1302096

Hayashi, S., Itoh, A., Isoda, K., Kondoh, M., Kawase, M., & Yagi, K. (2008). Fucoidan partly prevents CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. European Journal of Pharmacology, 580(3), 380–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.11.015

He, W., Sun, H., Su, L., Zhou, D., Zhang, X., Shanggui, D., & Chen, Y. (2020). Structure and anticoagulant activity of a sulfated fucan from the sea cucumber Acaudina leucoprocta. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 164, 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.080

Healy, L. E., Zhu, X., Poji, M., Sullivan, C., Tiwari, U., Curtin, J., & Tiwari, B. K. (2023). Biomolecules from macroalgae: Nutritional profile and bioactives for novel food product development. Biomolecules, 13(2), 386. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13020386

Herawati, D., Hendradi, E., Zaidan, A. H., & Pudjiastuti, P. (2022). Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Fucoidan from Sargassum plagiophyllum and its Activities. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 25(11), 1008–1013. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2022.1008.1013

Herawati, D., Pudjiastuti, P., Zaidan, A. H., Hendradi, E., & Sucipto, T. H. (2024). Monosaccharides Composition of Fucoidan from Brown Seaweed (Sargassum plagiophyllum) and the Corresponding Antidengue Activity. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 67(7), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.21608/EJCHEM.2023.242019.8735

Herawati, D., Pudjiastuti, P., Zaidan, A. H., Hendradi, E., & Sucipto, T. H. (2024). Monosaccharides Composition of Fucoidan from Brown Seaweed (Sargassum plagiophyllum) and the Corresponding Antidengue Activity. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 67(7), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.21608/EJCHEM.2023.242019.8735

Herawati, D., Pudjiastuti, P., Zaidan, A. H., Hendradi, E., & Wafiroh, S. (2022). FUCOIDAN FROM Sargassum plagiophyllum BY MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION IN COMPARISON WITH CONVENTIONAL METHODS. Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, 15(4), 2959–2963. https://doi.org/10.31788/RJC.2022.1547035

Hidari, K. I. P. J., Takahashi, N., Arihara, M., Nagaoka, M., Morita, K., & Suzuki, T. (2008). Structure and anti-dengue virus activity of sulfated polysaccharide from a marine alga. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 376(1), 91–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.08.100

Hong, S. W., Jung, K. H., Lee, H. S., Zheng, H. M., Choi, M. J., Lee, C., & Hong, S. S. (2011). Suppression by fucoidan of liver fibrogenesis via the TGF-β/smad pathway in protecting against oxidative stress. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 75(5), 833–840. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.100599

Huang, C. Y., Wu, S. J., Yang, W. N., Kuan, A. W., & Chen, C. Y. (2016). Antioxidant activities of crude extracts of fucoidan extracted from Sargassum glaucescens by a compressional-puffing-hydrothermal extraction process. Food Chemistry, 197, 1121–1129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.100

Huang, L., Wen, K., Gao, X., & Liu, Y. (2010). Hypolipidemic effect of fucoidan from Laminaria japonica in hyperlipidemic rats. Pharmaceutical Biology, 48(4), 422–426. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880200903150435

Husni, A., Izmi, N., Ayunani, F. Z., Kartini, A., Husnayain, N., & Isnansetyo, A. (2022). Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Fucoidan from Sargassum hystrix: Effect of Extraction Method. International Journal of Food Science, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3689724

Imbs, T. I., Skriptsova, A. V., & Zvyagintseva, T. N. (2015). Antioxidant activity of fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides obtained from Fucus evanescens by different extraction methods. Journal of Applied Phycology, 27(1), 545–553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-014-0293-7

Isaza Martínez, J. H., & Torres Castañeda, H. G. (2013). Preparation and chromatographic analysis of phlorotannins. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 51(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmt045

January, G. G., Naidoo, R. K., Kirby-McCullough, B., & Bauer, R. (2019). Assessing methodologies for fucoidan extraction from South African brown algae. Algal Research, 40, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2019.101517

Jayaraman, J. D., Sigamani, S., Venkatachalam, H., & Ramamurthy, D. (2016). Extraction and Purification of Sulfated Polysaccharide From Brown Algae and Its Efficacy in Preventing Blood Clotting. Asian Journal of Biological Life Sciences, 5(3), 237–244.

Jayawardena, T. U., Fernando, I. P. S., Lee, W. W., Sanjeewa, K. K. A., Kim, H. S., Lee, D. S., & Jeon, Y. J. (2019). Isolation and purification of fucoidan fraction in Turbinaria ornata from the Maldives; Inflammation inhibitory potential under LPS stimulated conditions in in-vitro and in-vivo models. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 131, 614–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.105

Jeong, S., Lee, S., Lee, G., Hyun, J., & Ryu, B. (2024). Systematic Characteristics of Fucoidan: Intriguing Features for New Pharmacological Interventions. In International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Vol. 25, Issue 21). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252111771

Jun, J. Y., Jung, M. J., Jeong, I. H., Yamazaki, K., Kawai, Y., & Kim, B. M. (2018). Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae against dental plaque bacteria. Marine Drugs, 16(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/md16090301

Kadam, S. U., Tiwari, B. K., & O'Donnell, C. P. (2015). Extraction, structure, and biofunctional activities of laminarin from brown algae. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 50(1), 24–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.12692

Kaufmann, B., & Christen, P. (2002). Recent Extraction Techniques for Natural Products : Microwave-assisted Extraction and Pressurised Solvent Extraction. Phytochemical Analysis, 13, 105–113. University of Geneva, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, 20 bd d’Yvoy, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland

Kim, K. T., Rioux, L. E., & Turgeon, S. L. (2014). Alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition is differentially modulated by fucoidan obtained from Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum. Phytochemistry, 98, 27–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.12.003

Klyve, S. B. (2020). Protein extraction from the brown seaweed Saccharina latissima and Alaria esculenta: The effect of ultrasonication and enzymatic treatment (Master’s thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology).

Ko, S. C., Lee, S. H., Ahn, G., Kim, K. N., Cha, S. H., Kim, S. K., Jeon, B. T., Park, P. J., Lee, K. W., & Jeon, Y. J. (2012). Effect of enzyme-assisted extract of Sargassum coreanum on induction of apoptosis in HL-60 tumor cells. Journal of Applied Phycology, 24(4), 675–684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-011-9685-0

Koh, H. S. A., Lu, J., & Zhou, W. (2019). Structure characterization and antioxidant activity of fucoidan isolated from Undaria pinnatifida grown in New Zealand. Carbohydrate Polymers, 212, 178–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.040

Koh, H. S. A., Lu, J., & Zhou, W. (2020). Structural Dependence of Sulfated Polysaccharide for Diabetes Management: Fucoidan From Undaria pinnatifida Inhibiting α-Glucosidase More Strongly Than α-Amylase and Amyloglucosidase. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00831

Krylova, N. V., Ermakova, S. P., Lavrov, V. F., Leneva, I. A., Kompanets, G. G., Iunikhina, O. V., Nosik, M. N., Ebralidze, L. K., Falynskova, I. N., Silchenko, A. S., & Zaporozhets, T. S. (2020). The comparative analysis of antiviral activity of native and modified fucoidans from brown algae fucus evanescens in Vitro and in Vivo. Marine Drugs, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/md18040224

Kustantinah, N., Hidayati, N., Noviandi, C. T., Astuti, A., & Paradhipta, D. H. V. (2022). Nutrient content of four tropical seaweed species from Kelapa Beach, Tuban, Indonesia and their potential as ruminant feed. Biodiversitas, 23(12), 6191–6197.

Kwon, J., Lee, K., Hwang, H., Kim, S.-H., Park, S. E., Durai, P., Park, K., Kim, H.-S., Jang, D. S., Choi, J. S., & Kwon, H. C. (2022). New monocyclic terpenoid lactones from the brown algae Sargassum macrocarpum as monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Plants, 11(15), 1998. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11151998

Kwon, P. S., Oh, H., Kwon, S. J., Jin, W., Zhang, F., Fraser, K., Hong, J. J., Linhardt, R. J., & Dordick, J. S. (2020). Sulfated polysaccharides effectively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. In Cell Discovery (Vol. 6, Issue 1). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41421-020-00192-8

Laine, R. F., Albecka, A., Van De Linde, S., Rees, E. J., Crump, C. M., & Kaminski, C. F. (2015). Structural analysis of herpes simplex virus by optical super-resolution imaging. Nature Communications, 6. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6980

Lakshmana Senthil, S. (2024). A comprehensive review to assess the potential, health benefits and complications of fucoidan for developing as functional ingredient and nutraceutical. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 277(December 2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134226

Lakshmana Senthil, S. (2024). A comprehensive review to assess the potential, health benefits and complications of fucoidan for developing as functional ingredient and nutraceutical. In International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (Vol. 277). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134226

Lakshmana Senthil, S., Vinoth Kumar, T., Geetharamani, D., Suja, G., Yesudas, R., & Chacko, A. (2015). Fucoidan - An α-amylase inhibitor from Sargassum wightii with relevance to NIDDM. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 81, 644–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.065

Lakshmanasenthil, S., Vinothkumar, T., Geetharamani, D., Marudhupandi, T., Suja, G., & Sindhu, N. S. (2014). Fucoidan-a novel α-amylase inhibitor from Turbinaria ornata with relevance to NIDDM therapy. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 3(3), 66–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2014.02.003

Lavanchy, D. (2011). Evolving epidemiology of hepatitis C virus. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 17(2), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03432.x

Lee, K. Y., Jeong, M. R., Choi, S. M., Na, S. S., & Cha, J. D. (2013). Synergistic effect of fucoidan with antibiotics against oral pathogenic bacteria. Archives of Oral Biology, 58(5), 482–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.11.002

Lee, S. H., Ko, C. I., Ahn, G., You, S., Kim, J. S., Heu, M. S., Kim, J., Jee, Y., & Jeon, Y. J. (2012). Molecular characteristics and anti-inflammatory activity of the fucoidan extracted from Ecklonia cava. Carbohydrate Polymers, 89(2), 599–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.056

Lee, S. H., Park, M. H., Han, J. S., Jeong, Y., Kim, M., & Jeon, Y. J. (2012). Bioactive compounds extracted from Gamtae (Ecklonia cava) by using enzymatic hydrolysis, a potent α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitor, alleviates postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic mice. Food Science and Biotechnology, 21(4), 1149–1155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-012-0150-x

Lee, Z. J., Xie, C., Ng, K., & Suleria, H. A. R. (2025). Study of phenolic–polysaccharide interactions in brown seaweed. Food Chemistry, 477, 143494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.143494

Li, H., Li, J., Tang, Y., Lin, L., Xie, Z., Zhou, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, X., Zhao, X., Chen, Z., & Zuo, D. (2017). Fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus suppresses hepatitis B virus replication by enhancing extracellular signal-regulated Kinase activation. Virology Journal, 14(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-017-0848-8

Li, H., Li, J., Tang, Y., Lin, L., Xie, Z., Zhou, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, X., Zhao, X., Chen, Z., & Zuo, D. (2017). Fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus suppresses hepatitis B virus replication by enhancing extracellular signal-regulated Kinase activation. Virology Journal, 14(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-017-0848-8

Li, J., Wan, X., Li, Y., Wang, P., Chen, J., Jin, W., & Liu, J. (2024). Anti-Obesity Functions of Fucoidan Conducted by Bioinformatics and validation Findings Targeting of Autophagy. Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications, 100609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carpta.2024.100609

Li, Y., Zheng, Y., Zhang, Y., Yang, Y., Wang, P., Imre, B., Wong, A. C. Y., Hsieh, Y. S. Y., & Wang, D. (2021). Brown algae carbohydrates: Structures, pharmaceutical properties, and research challenges. Marine Drugs, 19(11), 620. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19110620

Liang, T. J. (2009). Hepatitis B: The virus and disease. Hepatology, 49(SUPPL. 5), 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.22881

Lin, Y., Qi, X., Liu, H., Xue, K., Xu, S., & Tian, Z. (2020). The anti-cancer effects of fucoidan: A review of both in vivo and in vitro investigations. In Cancer Cell International (Vol. 20, Issue 1). BioMed Central Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-020-01233-8

Liu, F., Wang, J., Chang, A. K., Liu, B., Yang, L., Li, Q., Wang, P., & Zou, X. (2012). Fucoidan extract derived from Undaria pinnatifida inhibits angiogenesis by human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Phytomedicine, 19(8–9), 797–803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2012.03.015

Liu, Jian, Wu, S. Y., Chen, L., Li, Q. J., Shen, Y. Z., Jin, L., Zhang, X., Chen, P. C., Wu, M. J., Choi, J. il, & Tong, H. Bin. (2020). Different extraction methods bring about distinct physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of Sargassum fusiforme fucoidans. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 155, 1385–1392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.113

Liu, X., Liu, B., Wei, X. L., Sun, Z. L., & Wang, C. Y. (2016). Extraction, fractionation, and chemical characterisation of fucoidans from the brown seaweed Sargassum pallidum. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 34(5), 406–413. https://doi.org/10.17221/322/2015-CJFS

Lorbeer, A. J., Lahnstein, J., Fincher, G. B., Su, P., & Zhang, W. (2015). Kinetics of conventional and microwave-assisted fucoidan extractions from the brown alga, Ecklonia radiata. Journal of Applied Phycology, 27(5), 2079–2087. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-014-0446-8

Lu, H. Y., Zhao, X., Liu, T. J., Liang, X., Zhao, M. Z., Tian, X. Y., Yi, H. X., Gong, P. M., Lin, K., Zhang, Z., & Zhang, L. W. (2024). Anti-obesity effect of fucoidan from Laminaria japonica and its hydrothermal degradation product. Food Bioscience, 58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2024.103749

Machu, L., Misurcova, L., Ambrozova, J. V., Orsavova, J., Mlcek, J., Sochor, J., & Jurikova, T. (2015). Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in algal food products. Molecules, 20(1), 1118–1133. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20011118

Maldeniya, M. U. S., Egodauyana, K. P. U. T., & Abeyrathne, E. D. N. S. (2020). Extraction of crude protein from Sargassum crassifolium harvested from the south coast of Sri Lanka and determination of functional properties of the crude extracts. Journal of Technology and Value Addition, 2(2), 39–64.

Manikandan, R., Parimalanandhini, D., Mahalakshmi, K., Beulaja, M., Arumugam, M., Janarthanan, S., Palanisamy, S., You, S. G., & Prabhu, N. M. (2020). Studies on isolation, characterization of fucoidan from brown algae Turbinaria decurrens and evaluation of its in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 160, 1263–1276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.152

Marudhupandi, T., & Kumar, T. T. A. (2013). Antibacterial effect of fucoidan from Sargassum wightii against the chosen human bacterial pathogens. International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, 2(10), 156–158. https://doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v2i10.16408

Men’shova, R. V., Lepeshkin, F. D., Ermakova, S. P., Pokrovskii, O. I., & Zvyagintseva, T. N. (2013). Effect of pretreatment conditions of brown algae by supercritical fluids on yield and structural characteristics of fucoidans. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 48(6), 923–926. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10600-013-0429-z

Miyashita, K., Mikami, N., & Hosokawa, M. (2013). Chemical and nutritional characteristics of brown seaweed lipids: A review. Journal of Functional Foods, 5(4), 1507–1517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2013.09.019

Moga, M. A., Dima, L., Balan, A., Blidaru, A., Dimienescu, O. G., Podasca, C., & Toma, S. (2021). Are bioactive molecules from seaweeds a novel and challenging option for the prevention of HPV infection and cervical cancer therapy?—a review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020629

Mouritsen, O. G., Bagatolli, L. A., Duelund, L., Garvik, O., Ipsen, J. H., & Simonsen, A. C. (2017). Effects of seaweed sterols fucosterol and desmosterol on lipid membranes. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 205, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.03.010

Mousaie, M., Khodadadi, M., & Tadayoni, M. (2022). Hydrolysate protein from brown macroalgae (Sargassum ilicifolium): Antioxidant, antitumor, antibacterial, and ACE inhibitory activities. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 46(11), e17020. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.17020

Mousaie, M., Khodadadi, M., & Tadayoni, M. (2022). Hydrolysate protein from brown macroalgae (Sargassum ilicifolium): Antioxidant, antitumor, antibacterial, and ACE inhibitory activities. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.17020

Netzler, N. E., Enosi Tuipulotu, D., & White, P. A. (2019). Norovirus antivirals: Where are we now? Medicinal Research Reviews, 39(3), 860–886. https://doi.org/10.1002/med.21545

Nie, J., Chen, D., Ye, J., Lu, Y., & Dai, Z. (2021). Preparative separation of three terpenoids from edible brown algae Sargassum fusiforme by high-speed countercurrent chromatography combined with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Algal Research, 59, 102449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2021.102449

Nosik, M. N., Krylova, N. V., Usoltseva, R. V., Surits, V. V., Kireev, D. E., Shchelkanov, M. Y., Svitich, O. A., & Ermakova, S. P. (2024). In Vitro Anti-HIV-1 Activity of Fucoidans from Brown Algae. Marine Drugs, 22(8), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22080355

O’Brien, R., Hayes, M., Sheldrake, G., Tiwari, B., & Walsh, P. (2022). Macroalgal proteins: A review. Foods, 11(4), 571. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11040571

Obando, J. M. C., dos Santos, T. C., Bernardes, M., Nascimento, N., Villaça, R. C., Barbarino, E., Teixeira, V. L., & Cavalcanti, D. N. (2024). Diterpene biosynthesis of seaweed Canistrocarpus cervicornis: A potential method by diterpene obtention in brown algae using aqueous extract as an enzyme source. Journal of Aquaculture & Fisheries, 8, 087. https://doi.org/10.24966/AAF-5523/100087

Obluchinskaya, E. D., Pozharitskaya, O. N., & Shikov, A. N. (2022). In vitro anti-inflammatory activities of fucoidans from five species of brown seaweeds. Marine Drugs, 20(10), 606. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20100606

Obluchinskaya, E. D., Pozharitskaya, O. N., Zakharov, D. V., Flisyuk, E. V., Terninko, I. I., Generalova, Y. E., Smekhova, I. E., & Shikov, A. N. (2022). The biochemical composition and antioxidant properties of Fucus vesiculosus from the Arctic region. Marine Drugs, 20(3), 193. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20030193

Okolie, C. L., Mason, B., Mohan, A., Pitts, N., & Udenigwe, C. C. (2020). Extraction technology impacts on the structure–function relationship between sodium alginate extracts and their in vitro prebiotic activity. Food Bioscience, 37, 100672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100672

Palanisamy, S., Vinosha, M., Marudhupandi, T., Rajasekar, P., & Prabhu, N. M. (2017). Isolation of fucoidan from Sargassum polycystum brown algae: Structural characterization, in vitro antioxidant and anticancer activity. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 102, 405–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.182

Panwong, S., Phinyo, K., Duangjan, K., Sattayawat, P., Pekkoh, J., Tragoolpua, Y., Yenchitsomanus, P. thai, & Panya, A. (2024). Inhibition of dengue virus infection in vitro by fucoidan and polysaccharide extract from marine alga Sargassum spp. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 276(July). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133496

Park, J., Yeom, M., & Hahm, D. H. (2016). Fucoidan improves serum lipid levels and atherosclerosis through hepatic SREBP-2-mediated regulation. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 131(2), 84–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphs.2016.03.007

Park, J.-S., Han, J.-M., Surendhiran, D., & Chun, B.-S. (2022). Physicochemical and biofunctional properties of Sargassum thunbergii extracts obtained from subcritical water extraction and conventional solvent extraction. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 182, 105535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105535

Park, M. K., Jung, U., & Roh, C. (2011). Fucoidan from marine brown algae inhibits lipid accumulation. Marine Drugs, 9(8), 1359–1367. https://doi.org/10.3390/md9081359

Parvathy, K. R. K., Praveen, M. A., Balasubramanian, P., & Mallick, B. (2021). Impact of advanced extraction technologies and characterization of freeze-dried brown seaweed polysaccharides. Drying Technology, 39(3), 371–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2020.1723978

Parvez, M. K., Tabish Rehman, M., Alam, P., Al-Dosari, M. S., Alqasoumi, S. I., & Alajmi, M. F. (2019). Plant-derived antiviral drugs as novel hepatitis B virus inhibitors: Cell culture and molecular docking study. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 27(3), 389–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2018.12.008

Ponce, N. M. A., Pujol, C. A., Damonte, E. B., Flores, M. L., & Stortz, C. A. (2003). Fucoidans from the brown seaweed Adenocystis utricularis: Extraction methods, antiviral activity and structural studies. Carbohydrate Research, 338(2), 153–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6215(02)00403-2

Pradhan, B., Nayak, R., Bhuyan, P. P., Patra, S., Behera, C., Sahoo, S., Ki, J.-S., Quarta, A., Ragusa, A., & Jena, M. (2022). Algal phlorotannins as novel antibacterial agents with reference to the antioxidant modulation: Current advances and future directions. Marine Drugs, 20(7), 403. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20070403

Preeprame, S., Hayashi, K., Lee, J. B., Sankawa, U., & Hayashi, T. (2001). A novel antivirally active fucan sulfate derived from an edible brown alga, Sargassum horneri. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 49(4), 484–485. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.49.484

Queiroz, K. C. S., Medeiros, V. P., Queiroz, L. S., Abreu, L. R. D., Rocha, H. A. O., Ferreira, C. V., Jucá, M. B., Aoyama, H., & Leite, E. L. (2008). Inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity of HIV by polysaccharides of brown algae. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 62(5), 303–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2008.03.006

Quitain, A. T., Kai, T., Sasaki, M., & Goto, M. (2013). Microwave-hydrothermal extraction and degradation of fucoidan from supercritical carbon dioxide deoiled Undaria pinnatifida. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 52(23), 7940–7946. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie400527b

R. R. Remya, Antony V. Samrot, S. Suresh Kumar, V. Mohanavel, Alagar Karthick, V. Kumar Chinnaiyan. Dhamodharan Umapathy, M. Muhibbullah, Bioactive Potential of Brown Algae, Adsorption Science & Technology, Volume 2022, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9104835

Rachmawati, N. F., Nuryanti, I. F., Mutamimah, D., & Adharani, N. (2021). Phytochemicals and antioxidant of seaweed tea Padina australis. International Journal of Marine Engineering Innovation and Research, 6(4). https://doi.org/10.12962/j25481479.v6i4.5678

Rautela, I., Thapliyal, P., Sahni, S., Rayal, R., & Sharma, M. D. (2022). Potential of seaweeds in preventing cancer and HIV infection in humans. Process Biochemistry, 123(August), 91–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2022.10.034

Rehm, B. H. A. (2009). Alginates: Biology and applications (pp. 1–11). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Remya, R. R., Samrot, A. V., Kumar, S. S., Mohanavel, V., Karthick, A., Chinnaiyan, V. K., Umapathy, D., & Muhibbullah, M. (2022). Bioactive Potential of Brown Algae. Adsorption Science and Technology, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9104835

Ren, B., Chen, C., Li, C., Fu, X., You, L., & Liu, R. H. (2017). Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of Sargassum thunbergii polysaccharides and its antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. Carbohydrate Polymers, 173, 192–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.05.094

Rizvi, S. S. H. (2010). Separation, Extraction and Concentration Processes in the Food, Beverage and Nutraceutical Industries,. Woodhead Publishing

Rodriguez-Jasso, R. M., Mussatto, S. I., Pastrana, L., Aguilar, C. N., & Teixeira, J. A. (2011). Microwave-assisted extraction of sulfated polysaccharides (fucoidan) from brown seaweed. Carbohydrate Polymers, 86(3), 1137–1144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.06.006

Rodríguez-Jasso, R. M., Mussatto, S. I., Pastrana, L., Aguilar, C. N., & Teixeira, J. A. (2013). Extraction of sulfated polysaccharides by autohydrolysis of brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus. Journal of Applied Phycology, 25(1), 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-012-9834-0

Rodríguez-Jasso, R. M., Mussatto, S. I., Pastrana, L., Aguilar, C. N., & Teixeira, J. A. (2013). Extraction of sulfated polysaccharides by autohydrolysis of brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus. Journal of Applied Phycology, 25(1), 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-012-9834-0

Rodríguez‐Jasso, R. M., Mussatto, S. I., Pastrana, L., Aguilar, C. N., & Teixeira, J. A. (2013). Extraction of sulfated polysaccharides by autohydrolysis of brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus. Journal of Applied Phycology, 25(1), 31–39

Roy, D., Sobuj, M. K. A., Islam, M. S., Haque, M. M., Islam, M. A., Islam, M. M., Ali, M. Z., & Rafiquzzaman, S. M. (2024). Compositional, structural, and functional characterization of fucoidan extracted from Sargassum polycystum collected from Saint Martin’s Island, Bangladesh. Algal Research, 80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2024.103542

Rui, X., Pan, H. F., Shao, S. L., & Xu, X. M. (2017). Anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic effects of Fucoidan on prostate cancer: Possible JAK-STAT3 pathway. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-1885-y

S., L. S., Raghu, C., Arjun, H. A., & Anantharaman, P. (2019). In vitro and in silico inhibition properties of fucoidan against α-amylase and α-D-glucosidase with relevance to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Carbohydrate Polymers, 209, 350–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.039

Sanjeewa, K. K. A., Fernando, I. P. S., Kim, E. A., Ahn, G., Jee, Y., & Jeon, Y. J. (2017). Anti-inflammatory activity of a sulfated polysaccharide isolated from an enzymatic digest of brown seaweed Sargassum horneri in RAW 264.7 cells. Nutrition Research and Practice, 11(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2017.11.1.3

Sanjeewa, K. K. A., Fernando, I. P. S., Kim, S. Y., Kim, H. S., Ahn, G., Jee, Y., & Jeon, Y. J. (2018). In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of high molecular weight sulfated polysaccharide; containing fucose separated from Sargassum horneri: Short communication. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 107(PartA), 803–807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.050

Santos, S. A. O., Vilela, C., Freire, C. S. R., Abreu, M. H., Rocha, S. M., & Silvestre, A. J. D. (2015). Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta macroalgae: A source of health-promoting phytochemicals. Food Chemistry, 183, 122–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.039

Santoyo, S., Plaza, M., Jaime, L., Ibañez, E., Reglero, G., & Señorans, J. (2011). Pressurized liquids as an alternative Green process to extract antiviral agents from the edible seaweed Himanthalia elongata. Journal of Applied Phycology, 23(5), 909–917.

Santoyo, S., Plaza, M., Jaime, L., Ibañez, E., Reglero, G., & Señorans, J. (2011). Pressurized liquids as an alternative green process to extract antiviral agents from the edible seaweed Himanthalia elongata. Journal of Applied Phycology, 23(5), 909–917. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-010-9611-x

Santoyo, S., Plaza, M., Jaime, L., Ibañez, E., Reglero, G., & Señorans, J. (2011). Pressurized liquids as an alternative green process to extract antiviral agents from the edible seaweed Himanthalia elongata. Journal of Applied Phycology, 23(5), 909–917. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-010-9611-x

Saravana, P. S., Cho, Y. J., Park, Y. B., Woo, H. C., & Chun, B. S. (2016). Structural, antioxidant, and emulsifying activities offucoidan from Saccharina japonica using pressurized liquid extraction. Carbohydrate Polymers, 153, 518–525.

Saravana, P. S., Cho, Y. J., Park, Y. B., Woo, H. C., & Chun, B. S. (2016). Structural, antioxidant, and emulsifying activities of fucoidan from Saccharina japonica using pressurized liquid extraction. Carbohydrate Polymers, 153, 518–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.014

Saravana, P. S., Cho, Y. J., Park, Y. B., Woo, H. C., & Chun, B. S. (2016). Structural, antioxidant, and emulsifying activities of fucoidan from Saccharina japonica using pressurized liquid extraction. Carbohydrate Polymers, 153, 518–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.014

Saravana, P. S., Tilahun, A., Gerenew, C., Tri, V. D., Kim, N. H., Kim, G. D., Woo, H. U., & Chun, B. S. (2018). Subcritical water extraction of fucoidan from Saccharina japonica: Optimization, characterization and biological studies. Journal of Applied Phycology, 30(1), 579–590.

Saravana, P. S., Tilahun, A., Gerenew, C., Tri, V. D., Kim, N. H., Kim, G. Do, Woo, H. C., & Chun, B. S. (2018). Subcritical water extraction of fucoidan from Saccharina japonica: optimization, characterization and biological studies. Journal of Applied Phycology, 30(1), 579–590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-017-1245-9

Saravana, P. S., Tilahun, A., Gerenew, C., Tri, V. D., Kim, N. H., Kim, G. Do, Woo, H. C., & Chun, B. S. (2018). Subcritical water extraction of fucoidan from Saccharina japonica: optimization, characterization and biological studies. Journal of Applied Phycology, 30(1), 579–590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-017-1245-9

Shang, Q., Jiang, H., Cai, C., Hao, J., Li, G., & Yu, G. (2018). Gut microbiota fermentation of marine polysaccharides and its effects on intestinal ecology: An overview. Carbohydrate Polymers, 179, 173–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.059

Shi, F. S., Xie, Y. H., Yang, Y. Le, Xu, L. D., Li, J. J., Wang, X., Zhu, L. Y., Wang, W. W., Shen, P. li, Huang, Y. W., & Li, X. Q. (2024). Fucoidan from Ascophyllum nodosum and Undaria pinnatifida attenuate SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and in vivo by suppressing ACE2 and alleviating inflammation. Carbohydrate Polymers, 332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121884

Silva, M. M. C. L., dos Santos Lisboa, L., Paiva, W. S., Batista, L. A. N. C., Luchiari, A. C., Rocha, H. A. O., & Camara, R. B. G. (2022). Comparison of in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of commercial fucoidans from Macrocystis pyrifera, Undaria pinnatifida, and Fucus vesiculosus. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 216, 757–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.110

Sim, S. Y., Shin, Y. E., & Kim, H. K. (2019). Fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida has anti-diabetic effects by stimulation of glucose uptake and reduction of basal lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Nutrition Research, 65, 54–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2019.02.002

Sinay, H., El-Sheekh, M., Telussa, I., & Thenu, G. A. (2023). Screening of bioactive compounds of the brown algae Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J. Agardh, 1848 from the coastal waters of Aboru Village, Central Maluku, Indonesia. Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia, 14–19. http://pji.ub.ac.id

Sinha, S., Astani, A., Ghosh, T., Schnitzler, P., & Ray, B. (2010). Polysaccharides from Sargassum tenerrimum: Structural features, chemical modification and anti-viral activity. Phytochemistry, 71(2–3), 235–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.10.014

Skriptsova, A. V., Shevchenko, N. M., Tarbeeva, D. V., & Zvyagintseva, T. N. (2012). Comparative study of polysaccharides from reproductive and sterile tissues of ve brown seaweeds. Marine Biotechnology, 14(3), 304–311.

Skriptsova, A. V., Shevchenko, N. M., Tarbeeva, D. V., & Zvyagintseva, T. N. (2012). Comparative Study of Polysaccharides from Reproductive and Sterile Tissues of Five Brown Seaweeds. Marine Biotechnology, 14(3), 304–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-011-9413-4

Skriptsova, A. V., Shevchenko, N. M., Tarbeeva, D. V., & Zvyagintseva, T. N. (2012). Comparative Study of Polysaccharides from Reproductive and Sterile Tissues of Five Brown Seaweeds. Marine Biotechnology, 14(3), 304–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-011-9413-4

Sohn, S.-I., Rathinapriya, P., Balaji, S., Balan, D. J., Swetha, T. K., Durgadevi, R., Alagulakshmi, S., Singaraj, P., & Pandian, S. (2021). Phytosterols in seaweeds: An overview on biosynthesis to biomedical applications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(23), 12691. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312691

Song, S., Peng, H., Wang, Q., Liu, Z., Dong, X., Wen, C., Ai, C., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., & Zhu, B. (2020). Inhibitory activities of marine sulfated polysaccharides against SARS-CoV-2. Food and Function, 11(9), 7415–7420. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0fo02017f

Souza, C. R. M., Bezerra, W. P., & Souto, J. T. (2020). Marine alkaloids with anti-inflammatory activity: Current knowledge and future perspectives. Marine Drugs, 18(3), 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18030147

Stephanie, S., Enggi, C. K., Sulistiawati, S., Tangdilintin, F., Achmad, A. A., Litaay, M., Kleuser, B., Manggau, M. A., & Permana, A. D. (2024). Fucoidan-incorporated dissolving microneedles: A novel approach to anticoagulant transdermal delivery. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 95(October 2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2024.105587

Suhaila, K., Husni, A., & Sinurat, E. (2019). Characteristics and antioxidant activity of fucoidan from the brown seaweed Sargassum hystrix (Vol. 12, Issue 6). http://www.bioflux.com.ro/aacl

Sun, Q. L., Li, Y., Ni, L. Q., Li, Y. X., Cui, Y. S., Jiang, S. L., Xie, E. Y., Du, J., Deng, F., & Dong, C. X. (2020). Structural characterization and antiviral activity of two fucoidans from the brown algae Sargassum henslowianum. Carbohydrate Polymers, 229(October 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115487

Sun, X., Ai, C., Wen, C., Peng, H., Yang, J., Cui, Y., & Song, S. (2023). Inhibitory effects of fucoidan from Laminaria japonica against some pathogenic bacteria and SARS-CoV-2 depend on its large molecular weight. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 229, 413–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.307

Sun, Y., Liang, M., Wu, M., & Su, L. (2024). Inhibition of Norovirus GII.4 binding to HBGAs by Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharide. Bioscience Reports, 44(9), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20240092

Susanto, A. B., Aryani, S. R. R., & Hartati, R. (tahun tidak disebutkan). Abalon dan rumput laut (pp. 43–45). Yogyakarta: Navila Idea.

Sushri, S. B., Elavarasan, K., Safeena, M. P., & Mathew, S. (2023). Protein isolate from brown seaweed Sargassum tenerrimum: Extraction and characterization. Fishery Technology, 60, 189–195.

Swaminathan, R., Ali, M. S., Anuradha, V., Saravanan, G. K., & Yogananth, N. (2022). Antiviral Effects of L-Fucose From Padina Gymnospora Against Various Strains of Dengue Virus. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, 13(04), 111–117. https://doi.org/10.55218/jasr.202213419

Tan, M. T. H., Eshaghi Gorji, M., Toh, J. Y. L., Park, A. Y., Li, Y., Gong, Z., & Li, D. (2022). Fucoidan from Fucus versiculosus can inhibit human norovirus replication by enhancing the host innate immune response. Journal of Functional Foods, 95(April). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2022.105149

Tan, M. T. H., Li, Y., Eshaghi Gorji, M., Gong, Z., & Li, D. (2021). Fucoidan but not 2′-fucosyllactose inhibits human norovirus replication in zebrafish larvae. Viruses, 13(3), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13030461

Thiviya, P., Gamage, A., Gama-Arachchige, N. S., Merah, O., & Madhujith, T. (2022). Seaweeds as a source of functional proteins. Phycology, 2(2), 216–243. https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology2020012

Thomes, P., Rajendran, M., Pasanban, B., & Rengasamy, R. (2010). Cardioprotective activity of Cladosiphon okamuranus fucoidan against isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats. Phytomedicine, 18(1), 52–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2010.06.006

Thuy, T. T. T., Ly, B. M., Van, T. T. T., Van Quang, N., Tu, H. C., Zheng, Y., Seguin-Devaux, C., Mi, B., & Ai, U. (2015). Anti-HIV activity of fucoidans from three brown seaweed species. Carbohydrate Polymers, 115, 122–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.068

Vaquero, Marco-Garcia; Ummat, Viruja; Tiwari, Brijesh; Rajauria, G. (2020). Exploring Ultrasound, Microwave and Ultrasound–Microwave Assisted Extraction Technologies to Increase the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidants from Brown Macroalgae. Marine Drugs, 18(172), 1–15.

Venugopal, V. (2009). Marine polysaccharides: Food applications (pp. 104–107). CRC Press.

Vermehren, J., & Sarrazin, C. (2011). New Hepatitis C Therapies In Clinical Development. European Journal of Medical Research, 16, 303–314.

Vishchuk, O. S., Ermakova, S. P., & Zvyagintseva, T. N. (2013a). The fucoidans from brown algae of Far-Eastern seas: Anti-tumor activity and structure-function relationship. Food Chemistry, 141(2), 1211–1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.065

Vishchuk, O. S., Ermakova, S. P., & Zvyagintseva, T. N. (2013b). The fucoidans from brown algae of Far-Eastern seas: Anti-tumor activity and structure-function relationship. Food Chemistry, 141(2), 1211–1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.065

Wan, P., Yang, X. M., Cai, B. N., Chen, H., Sun, H. L., Chen, D. K., & Pan, J. Y. (2015). Ultrasonic extraction of polysaccharides from Laminaria japonica and their antioxidative and glycosidase inhibitory activities. Journal of Ocean University of China, 14(4), 651–662.

Wan, P., Yang, X., Cai, B., Chen, H., Sun, H., Chen, D., & Pan, J. (2015). Ultrasonic extraction of polysaccharides from Laminaria japonica and their antioxidative and glycosidase inhibitory activities. Journal of Ocean University of China, 14(4), 651–662. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-015-2648-3

Wan, P., Yang, X., Cai, B., Chen, H., Sun, H., Chen, D., & Pan, J. (2015). Ultrasonic extraction of polysaccharides from Laminaria japonica and their antioxidative and glycosidase inhibitory activities. Journal of Ocean University of China, 14(4), 651–662. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-015-2648-3

Wang, C. Y., & Chen, Y. C. (2016). Extraction and characterization of fucoidan from six brown macroalgae. Journal of Marine Science and Technology (Taiwan), 24(2), 319–328. https://doi.org/10.6119/JMST-015-0521-3

Wang, C. Y., & Chen, Y. C. (2016). Extraction and characterization of fucoidan from six brown macroalgae. Journal of Marine Science and Technology (Taiwan), 24(2), 319–328. https://doi.org/10.6119/JMST-015-0521-3

Wang, C. Y., & Chen, Y. C. (2016). Extraction and characterization of fucoidan from six brown macroalgae. Journal of Marine Science and Technology (Taiwan), 24(2), 319–328. https://doi.org/10.6119/JMST-015-0521-3

Wang, J., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Z., Hou, Y., & Zhang, H. (2011). In-vitro anticoagulant activity of fucoidan derivatives from brown seaweed Laminaria japonica. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 29(3), 679–685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-011-0181-9

Wang, L., Jayawardena, T. U., Hyun, J., Wang, K., Fu, X., Xu, J., Gao, X., Park, Y., & Jeon, Y. J. (2023). Antioxidant and anti-photoaging effects of a fucoidan isolated from Turbinaria ornata. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 225, 1021–1027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.164

Wang, L., Jayawardena, T. U., Yang, H. W., Lee, H. G., Kang, M. C., Sanjeewa, K. K. A., Oh, J. Y., & Jeon, Y. J. (2020). Isolation, characterization, and antioxidant activity evaluation of a fucoidan from an enzymatic digest of the edible seaweed, hizikia fusiforme. Antioxidants, 9(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9050363

Wang, L., Oh, J. Y., Kim, Y. S., Lee, H. G., Lee, J. S., & Jeon, Y. J. (2020). Anti-photoaging and anti-melanogenesis effects of fucoidan isolated from Hizikia fusiforme and its underlying mechanisms. Marine Drugs, 18(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/MD18080427

Wang, S. H., Huang, C. Y., Chen, C. Y., Chang, C. C., Huang, C. Y., Dong, C. Di, & Chang, J. S. (2021). Isolation and purification of brown algae fucoidan from Sargassum siliquosum and the analysis of anti-lipogenesis activity. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 165(June 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2020.107798

Wang, S. H., Huang, C. Y., Chen, C. Y., Chang, C. C., Huang, C. Y., Dong, C. Di, & Chang, J. S. (2020). Structure and Biological Activity Analysis of Fucoidan Isolated from Sargassum siliquosum. ACS Omega, 5(50), 32447–32455. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c04591

Wang, S. H., Huang, C. Y., Chen, C. Y., Chang, C. C., Huang, C. Y., Dong, C. Di, & Chang, J. S. (2021). Isolation and purification of brown algae fucoidan from Sargassum siliquosum and the analysis of anti-lipogenesis activity. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2020.107798

Wang, S., Lu, Z., Wang, S., Liu, W., Gao, J., Tian, L., Wang, L., Zhang, X., Zhao, X., Wang, W., & Li, C. (2020). The inhibitory effects and mechanisms of polymannuroguluronate sulfate against human papillomavirus infection in vitro and in vivo. Carbohydrate Polymers, 241(February). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116365

Wang, S., Pang, X., Tong, L., Fan, H., Jiang, J., Zhao, M., Sun, Y., & Liang, X. (2023). Acta Biomaterialia LncRNA SELL / L-selectin promotes HPV-positive HNSCC progression and drives fucoidan-me diate d therapeutic strategies. 167, 436–448.

Wang, X., Huang, C., Yang, F., Wang, K., Cha, S. H., Mao, X., Jeon, Y. J., & Wang, L. (2024). Fucoidan isolated from the edible seaweed Sargassum fusiforme suppresses skin damage stimulated by airborne particulate matter. Algal Research, 77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2023.103339

Waters, T. J. Lionata, H., Prasetyo Wibowo, T., Jones, R., Theuerkauf, S., Usman, S., Amin, I., and Ilman, M. (2019, July). Coastal conservation and sustainable livelihoods through seaweed aquaculture in Indonesia: A guide for buyers, conservation practitioners, and farmers, Version 1. The Nature Conservancy. Arlington VA, USA and Jakarta, Indonesia. Copyright © The Nature Conservancy July, 2019 V1. Hal. 6

Werawati, A., Mumpuni, E., Ratih Laksmitawati, D., & Abdillah, S. (2019). Pengaruh Crude Fukoidan dari Ekstrak Sargassum Crassifolium Terhadap Kadar Icam-1 Dan Vcam-1 Pada Sel Raw 264.7 yang Diinduksi Lipopolisakarida Anti-Infl ammatory Activity of Crude Fucoidan From Sargassum Crassifolium Through Inhibition of Icam-1 and Vcam-1 in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Raw 264.7 Cell. JURNAL ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA, 17(1).

Wijers, T., Hylkema, A., Visser, T., & Timmermans, K. (2020). Effects of preservation on protein extraction in four seaweed species. Journal of Applied Phycology, 32, 3401–3409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-020-02197-y

Youssouf, L., Lallemand, L., Giraud, P., Soulé, F., Bhaw-Luximon, A., Meilhac, O., D’Hellencourt, C. L., Jhurry, D., & Couprie, J. (2017). Ultrasound-assisted extraction and structural characterization by NMR of alginates and carrageenans from seaweeds. Carbohydrate Polymers, 166, 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.090

Yuan, Y., & Macquarrie, D. (2015). Microwave assisted extraction of sulfated polysaccharides (fucoidan) from Ascophyllum nodosum and its antioxidant activity. Carbohydrate Polymers, 129, 101–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.057

Yuan, Y., & Macquarrie, D. (2015). Microwave assisted extraction of sulfated polysaccharides (fucoidan) from Ascophyllum nodosum and its antioxidant activity. Carbohydrate Polymers, 129, 101–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.057

Yuan, Y., & Macquarrie, D. (2015). Microwave assisted extraction of sulfated polysaccharides (fucoidan) from Ascophyllum nodosum and its antioxidant activity. Carbohydrate Polymers, 129, 101–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.057

Zhang, X.-L., Wang, C., Chen, Z., Zhang, P.-Y., & Liu, H.-B. (2016). Development and validation of quantitative (¹H) NMR spectroscopy for the determination of total phytosterols in the marine seaweed Sargassum. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64(31), 6228–6232. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02904

Zheng, H., Zhao, Y., & Guo, L. (2022). A bioactive substance derived from brown seaweeds: Phlorotannins. Marine Drugs, 20(12), 742. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20120742

Zheng, S., Qi, W., Xue, T., Zao, X., Xie, J., Zhang, P., Li, X., Ye, Y., & Liu, A. (2024). Chinese medicine in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: The mechanisms of signal pathway regulation. Heliyon, 10(20). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39176

Zhou, Q.-L., Wang, Z., Chen, W.-T., Liu, X.-F., Cheong, K. L., Zou, Y.-X., Zhong, S.-Y., & Li, R. (2024). The structural characteristics, biological activities and mechanisms of bioactive brown seaweed polysaccharides: A review. Journal of Functional Foods, 119, 106303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2024.106303

Zhu, W., Chiu, L. C. M., Ooi, V. E. C., Chan, P. K. S., & Ang, P. O. (2006). Antiviral property and mechanisms of a sulphated polysaccharide from the brown alga Sargassum patens against Herpes simplex virus type 1. Phytomedicine, 13(9–10), 695–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2005.11.003

Zhuang, S. J., Xu, H. K., Hu, X., Wu, T. C., Li, J. N., Lee, H. G., Yu, P., Dai, Y. L., & Jeon, Y. J. (2024). In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory properties of an active fucoidan fraction from Sargassum fusiforme and a fraction-based hydrogel. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130866