BUKU AJAR PATOFISIOLOGI DAN MANIFESTASI: Lupus Eritematosus Sistemik Anak

Authors

Dr. Zahrah Hikmah dr., Sp.A(K).
Universitas Airlangga Fakultas Kedokteran

Keywords:

Lupus, Anak

Synopsis

Inflamasi yang terjadi pada pembuluh darah dan jaringan ikat adalah tanda penyakit autoimun yang disebut lupus eritematosus sistemik (LES). Lupus dapat mempengaruhi hampir semua organ dan lebih sering terjadi pada perempuan. Adanya autoantibodi adalah ciri khas dari LES baik pada anak dan dewasa. Periode remisi dan relaps merupakan hal yang wajar ditemui pada anak dengan LES.  Beragam manifestasi klinis yang berbeda pada LES dan kematian merupakan salah satu akhir perjalanan yang tidak dapat diramalkan. Perbedaan LES anak dan dewasa adalah pada perawatannya, dimana dokter harus memikirkan efek penyakit dan terapi terhadap tumbuh kembang anak.

Sampai saat ini etiopatogenesis LES belum terlalu jelas, tetapi beberapa teori mengenai etiopatogenesis yang telah dikemukakan antara lain adanya peranan dari genetik, hormonal dan lingkungan.   Autoreaktivitas respon imun melawan autoantigen merupakan hal yang penting dalam patogenesis LES. Autoantiagen yang dilepas sel apoptosis dipresentasikan oleh sel dendritik ke sel T sehingga terjadi ikatan antara autoantibodi dan autoantigen (kompleks imun) yang akan mengendap di berbagai organ tubuh.

Pasien anak LES menunjukkan gangguan pada apoptosis, pembersihan debris apoptosis, gangguan presentasi antigen, penyimpangan frekuensi, fenotip, dan signal molekul pada sejumlah subset sel kekebalan, dan produksi mediator kekebalan terlarut yang tidak berfungsi.

Diagnosis LES didasarkan pada gejala klinis, pemeriksaan fisik, temuan laboratorium dan penunjang yang lain. Beberapa kelompok lupus membuat kriteria berdasarkan hal tersebut dan menggunakan sebagai dasar klasifikasi LES untuk penelitian antara lain ACR 1987, SLICC 2012, ACR 2019

Manifestasi lupus muncul tergantung pada organ yang terkena, salah satu diantaranya adalah organ ginjal/nefritis lupus (NL)  yang merupakan penyebab terbanyak morbiditas dan mortalitas. Sedangkan manifestasi lain yang sering menyebabkan morbiditas dan mortalitas adalah neuropsikiatri LES (NPLES). Ada pula kelainan pada jantung, hepar ataupun paru.

Chapters

  • BAB 1. DEFINISI, KLASIFIKASI, EPIDEMIOLOGI, DAN ETIOPATOGENESIS LUPUS PADA ANAK
    Zahrah Hikmah
  • BAB 2. FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI LES
    Zahrah Hikmah
  • BAB 3. KETIDAKNORMALAN SISTEM IMUN PADA LES
    Zahrah Hikmah
  • BAB 4. MANIFESTASI KLINIS DAN DIAGNOSIS LUPUS ERITEMATOSUS SISTEMIK
    Zahrah Hikmah
  • BAB 5. TARGET ORGAN LUPUS
    Zahrah Hikmah

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abdel-Nasser, A. M., Ghaleb, R. M., Mahmoud, J. A., Khairy, W., and Mahmoud, R. M. (2008), ‘Association of anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies with neuropsychiatric and other manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus’, Clin. Rheumatol., 27 (11), 1377–1385. doi:10.1007/s10067-008-0921-1

Akib, AAP, Soepriadi, M, Setiabudiawan, B. (2008), ‘Lupus eritematosus sistemik’, Dalam: Akib AAP, Munasir Z, Kurniati N, penyunting. Buku ajar alergi-imunologi anak. Edisi kedua. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit IDAI; h. 346-73.

Al-Abbad, AJ, Cabral, DA, Sanatani S, et al., (2001), ‘Echocardiography and pulmonary function testing in childhood onset systemic lupus erythematosus’. Lupus, 10:32.

Almaani, S, Meara, A, Rovin, BH., (2017) ‘Update on Lupus Nephritis’, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol;12:825-35.

Anders, HJ, Fogo, AB., (2014), ‘Immunopathology of lupus nephritis’, Semin Immunopathol;36:443-59.

Anders, HJ, Weening, JJ, (2013), ‘Kidney disease in lupus is not always ‘lupus nephritis’’, Arthritis Res Ther; 15:108.

Anders, H. J. (2009) 'Pseudoviral immunity - a novel concept for lupus', Trends Mol Med, 15, pp. 553-561.

Andrade, F., Casciola-Rosen, L. A., Rosen, A. (2005) 'Generation of novel covalent RNA-protein complexes in cells by ultraviolet B irradiation: implications for autoimmunity', Arthritis Rheum, 52(4), pp. 1160-1170.

Appel, G. B., Contreras, G., Dooley, M. A., Ginzler, E. M., Isenberg, D., Jayne, D., et al. (2009) 'Mycophenolate Mofetil versus Cyclophosphamide for induction treatment of Lupus Nephritis', J Am Soc Nephrol, 20, pp. 1103-1112.

Appel, G. B., Radhakrishnan, J., D’Agati, V. (2007) 'Secondary glomerular disease', in Brenner BM (Ed.), The Kidney, 8th edn, Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, pp. 1067-1148.

Aringer, M., Costenbader, K., Daikh, D., Brinks, R., Mosca, M., Ramsey-Goldman, R., et al. (2019). European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol, 71(9), 1400–1412. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.24078

Aringer, M., Dörner, T., Leuchten, N., Johnson, S. R. (2016). Toward new criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus-A standpoint. Lupus, 25(8), 805–811. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0961203316644338

Arnson, Y., Shoenfeld, Y., Amital, H. (2010). Effects of tobacco smoke on immunity, inflammation, and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun, 34, J258–J265. [PubMed: 20042314.

Assari, R., Ziaee, V., Moradinejad, M. H., et al. (2014). Neonatal Lupus erythematosus Following Rheumatoid Arthritis: Case Report and Literature Review. Iran J Pediatr, 24(4), 445-448.

Austin, H. A. 3rd, Klippel, J. H., Balow, J. E., le Riche, N. G., Steinberg, A. D., Plotz, P. H., et al. (1986). Therapy of lupus nephritis. Controlled trial of prednisone and cytotoxic drugs. New Engl J Med, 314, 614-619.

Bajema, I. M., Wilhelmus, S., Alpers, C. E., Bruijn, J. A., Colvin, R. B., Cook, H. T., et al. (2018). Revision of the International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society classification for lupus nephritis: clarification of definitions, and modified National Institutes of Health activity and chronicity indices. Kidney Int, 93, 789-796. DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.11.023

Ballestar, E., Esteller, M., Richardson, B. C. (2006). The epigenetic face of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol, 176(12), 7143-7147.

Bao, L., Cunningham, P. N., Quigg, R. J. (2015). Complement in Lupus Nephritis: New Perspectives. Kidney Dis (Basel), 1, 91-99.

Barbhaiya, M., & Costenbader, K. H. (2016). Environmental exposures and the development of systemic lupus erythematosus. Current opinion in rheumatology, 28(5), 497–505. https://doi.org/10.1097/BOR.0000000000000318

Barbhaiya, M., Tedeschi., S., Lu, B., et al. (2016). Cigarette smoking increases the risk of anti-double-stranded DNA positive SLE among women in the Nurses' Health studies [abstract]. Arthr Rheumatol, 68(Suppl 10), 2988.

Bardana, E. J. Jr., Harbeck, R. J., & Hoffman, A. A. (1975). The prognostic and therapeutic implications of DNA: anti-DNA immune complexes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Amer. J. 141, 515-522.

Bassi, N., Luisetto, R., Ghirardello, A., Gatto, M., Valente, M., Della Barbera, M., et al. (2015). 17-β-estradiol affects BLyS serum levels and the nephritogenic autoantibody network accelerating glomerulonephritis in NZB/WF1 mice. Lupus, 24, 382–391. doi: 10.1177/0961203314559636

Basu, D., Liu, Y., Wu, A., Yarlagadda, S., Gorelik, G. J., Kaplan, M. J., Hewagama, A., Hinderer, R. C., Strickland, F. M., Richardson, B. C. (2009). Stimulatory and inhibitory killer Ig-like receptor molecules are expressed and functional on lupus T cells. J. Immunol, 183, 3481–3487.

Baumann, I., et al. (2002). Impaired Uptake of Apoptotic Cells Into Tingible Body Macrophages in Germinal Centers of Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 46(1), 191–201.

Bates, M. A., Brandenberger, C., Langohr, I., et al. (2015). Silica Triggers Inflammation and Ectopic Lymphoid Neogenesis in the Lungs in Parallel with Accelerated Onset of Systemic Autoimmunity and Glomerulonephritis in the Lupus-Prone NZBWF1 Mouse. PloS one, 10(5), e0125481. [PubMed: 25978333]

Bennett, M., Brunner, H. I. (2013). Biomarkers and updates on pediatrics lupus nephritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 39, 833-853.

Ben-Zvi, I., Aranow, C., Mackay, M., Stanevsky, A., Kamen, D. L., Marinescu, L. M., Collins, C. E., Gilkeson, G. S., Diamond, B., Hardin, J. A. (2010). The impact of vitamin D on dendritic cell function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. PLoS One, 5, e9193.

Beresford, M. W., Cleary, A. G., Sills, J. A., et al. (2005). Cardio-pulmonary involvement in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus, 14, 152.

Bernatsky, S., Boivin, J. F., Joseph, L., Manzi, S., Ginzler, E., Gladman, D. D., et al. (2006). Mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum, 54, 2550-2557.

Bertsias, G. K., and Boumpas, D. T. (2010). Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of neuropsychiatric SLE manifestations. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol, 6(6), 358–367. doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2010.62

Bertsias, G., Cervera, R., and Boumpas, D. T. (2012). Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features, in EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases, Figure, pp. 476–505.

Bialas, A. R., Presumey, J., Das, A., van der Poel, C. E., Lapchak, P. H., Mesin, L et al. (2020). Retraction Note: Microglia-dependent synapse loss in type interferon-mediated lupus. Nature, 578(7793), 177. doi:10.1038/s41586-0201949-x

Bin, S., Heng, R., Im, S. (2021). Complete heart block in neonatal lupus: a forgotten cause of fetal bradycardia. BMJ Case Rep, 14(11). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-246747.

Biermann, M. H. C., et al. (2014). The role of dead cell clearance in the etiology and dendritic cells as potential targets The role of dead cell clearance in the etiology and pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus: dendritic cells as potential targets. Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol, 10(9), 1151–1164.

Bijl, M., Horst, G., Limburg, P., Kallenberg, C. (2001). Effects of smoking on activation markers, Fas expression and apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Eur J Clin Invest., 31, 550–553. [PubMed: 11422406]

Bijl, M., Kallenberg, C.G. (2006). Ultraviolet light and cutaneous lupus. Lupus, 15, 724–727.

Boros, C. A., Spence, D., Blaser, S., Silverman, E. D. (2007). Hydrocephalus and macrocephaly: New manifestations of neonatal lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum, 57, 261-266.

Bradley, S. J., Tsokos, G. C., and Sua, A. (2016). T cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Current Opinion in Immunology, 43, 32–38.

Brown, J. M., Pfau, J. C., Holian, A. (2004). Immunoglobulin and lymphocyte responses following silica exposure in New Zealand mixed mice. Inhal Toxicol., 16, 133–139. [PubMed: 15204774]

Brunner, H. I., Bennett, M. R., Abulaban, K., Klein-Gitelman, M. S., O'Neil, K. M., Tucker, L., et al. (2016). Development of a novel renal activity Index of lupus nephritis in children and young adults. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 68, 1003-1011.

Brunner, H. I., Bennett, M. R., Mina, R., Suzuki, M., Petri, M., Kiani, A. N., et al. (2012). Association of noninvasively measured renal protein biomarkers with histologic features of lupus nephritis. Arthritis Rheum, 64, 2687–2697.

Buyon, J. P., Hiebert, R., Copel, J., Craft, J., Friedman, D., Katholi, M., et al. (1998). Autoimmune-associated congenital heart block: Demographics, mortality, morbidity and recurrence rates obtained from a national neonatal lupus registry. J Am Coll Cardiol, 31, 1658-1666.

Buyon JP, Rupel A, Clancy RM. (2004) "Neonatal lupus syndromes." Lupus, 13, 705-12.

Buyon JP, Shadick N, Berkman R, Hopkins P, Dalton J, Weissmann G, et al. (1988) "Surface expression of Gp 165/95, the complement receptor CR3, as a marker of disease activity in systemic Lupus erythematosus." Clin Immunol Immunopathol, 46, 141–149. [PubMed: 2961492]

Caricchio R, McPhie L, Cohen PL, et al. (2003) "Ultraviolet, B. radiation-induced cell death: Critical role of ultraviolet dose in inflammation and lupus autoantigen redistribution." J Immunol, 171, 5778–5786.

Cieslik P, Semik-Grabarczyk E, Hrycek A, Holecki M. (2022) "The impact of anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECAs) on the development of blood vessel damage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: The preliminary study." Rheumatol Int, 42(5), 791–801. doi:10.1007/s00296022-05104-5

Chapel H, Haeney M, Misbah S, Snowden N. (1999) "Systemic lupus erythematosus." Essentials of clinical immunology, 4th ed. Blackwell Science, 194-9.

Chen S, Sims GP, Chen XX, Gu YY, Chen S, Lipsky PE. (2007) "Modulatory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D on human B cell differentiation." J Immunol, 179, 1634–1647.

Choi J, Kim ST, Craft J. (2013) "The Pathogenesis of SLE - An update." Curr Opin Immunol, 24(6), 651–657.

Chun RF, Liu PT, Modlin RL, Adams JS, Hewison M. (2014) "Impact of vitamin D on immune function: Lessons learned from genome-wide analysis." Front Physiol, doi:10.3389/fphys.2014.00151.

Cimaz R, Stramba-Badiale M, Brucato A, Catelli L, Panzeri P, Meroni PL. (2000) "QT interval prolongation in asymptomatic anti-SSA/Ro positive infants without congenital heart block." Arthritis Rheum, 43, 1049-53.

Ciftçi E, Yalçinkaya F, Ince E, et al. (2004) "Pulmonary involvement in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: a report of five cases." Rheumatology (Oxford), 43, 587.

Clancy RM, Kapur RP, Molad Y, Askanase AD, Buyon JP. (2004) "Immunohistologic evidence supports apoptosis, IgG deposition, and novel macrophage/fibroblast crosstalk in the pathologic cascade leading to congenital heart block." Arthritis Rheum, 50, 173-82.

Coelho R, Ferreira M, Ferreira M, et al. (2007) "[Neonatal lupus erythematosus]." Acta Med Port, 20(3), 229-232.

Cohen AB, Chenoweth DE, Hugli TE. (1982) "The release of elastase, myeloperoxidase, and lysozyme from human alveolar macrophages." Am Rev Respir Dis, 126, 241–247.

Cohen PL, et al. (2002) "Delayed Apoptotic Cell Clearance and Lupus-like Autoimmunity in Mice Lacking the c-mer Membrane Tyrosine Kinase." J Exp Med, 196(1), 135–140.

Cohen AS, Tan EM, Mcshane DJ, Masi AT, Fries JF, Schaller JG, et al. (2007) "The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus." Arthritis Rheum, 25(11), 1271–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/art.17802 51101

Cooper GS, Dooley MA, Treadwell EL, et al. (1998) "Hormonal, environmental, and infectious risk factors for developing systemic lupus erythematosus." Arthritis Rheum, 41, 1714–24. [PubMed: 9778212]

Cooper GS, Dooley MA, Treadwell EL, et al. (2002) "Hormonal and reproductive risk factors for the development of systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a population-based, case-control study." Arthritis Rheum, 46(7), 1830–9. [PubMed: 12124867]

Cooper G, Dooley M, Treadwell E, St Clair E, Gilkeson GS. (2001) "Smoking and use of hair treatments in relation to risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus." J Rheumatol, 28, 2653–2656.

Cooper GS, Parks CG, Treadwell E. L, et al. (2004) "Occupational risk factors for the development of systemic lupus erythematosus." J Rheumatol, 31(10), 1928–33. [PubMed: 15468355]

Cooper GS, Wither J, Bernatsky S, et al. (2010) "Occupational and environmental exposures and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: silica, sunlight, solvents." Rheumatology, 49(11), 2172–80. [PubMed: 20675707]

Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Amoura Z, Lupoglazoff JM, Huong DL, Denjoy I, Vauthier D, et al. (2004) "Outcome of pregnancies in patients with anti-SSA/Ro antibodies: A study of 165 pregnancies, with special focus on electrocardiographic variations in the children and comparison with a control group." Arthritis Rheum, 50, 3187-94.

Davidson A. (2016) "What is damaging the kidney in lupus nephritis?" Nat Rev Rheumatol, 12, 143-53.

Costenbader KH, Kim DJ, Peerzada J, et al. (2004) "Cigarette smoking and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis." Arthr Rheum, 50, 849e57.

Cunningham M, Gilkeson G. (2011) "Estrogen receptors in immunity and autoimmunity." Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 40, 66–73. [PubMed: 20352526]

Davis GS, Holmes CE, Pfeiffer LM, Hemenway DR. (2001) "Lymphocytes, lymphokines, and silicosis." Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol, 20(Suppl 1), 53–65.

Delunardo F, Soldati D, Bellisario V, Berry A, Camerini S, Crescenzi M, et al. (2016) "Anti-GAPDH autoantibodies as a pathogenic determinant and potential biomarker of neuropsychiatric diseases." Arthritis Rheumatol, 68 (11), 2708–2716. doi:10.1002/art.39750

Deng C, Kaplan MJ, Yang J, Ray D, Zhang Z, McCune WJ, Hanash SM, Richardson BC. (2001) "Decreased Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling may cause DNA hypomethylation in T lymphocytes from lupus patients." Arthritis Rheumatol, 44, 397–407.

Deng C, Yang J, Scott J, Hanash S, Richardson BC. (1998) "Role of the ras-MAPK signaling pathway in the DNA methyltransferase response to DNA hypomethylation." Biol Chem, 379, 1113–1120.

Derdulska JM, Rudnicka L, Szykut-Badaczewska A, et al. (2021) "Neonatal lupus erythematosus - practical guidelines." J Perinat Med, 49(5), 529-538. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm2020-0543

Drabor AH, Duus K, Houen G. (2012) "Epstein-Barr virus and systemic lupus erythematosus." Clin Dev Immunol, 2012, 370516. [PubMed: 22811739]

Eber T, Chapman J, Shoenfeld Y. (2005) "Anti-ribosomal P-protein and its role in psychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: Myth or reality?" Lupus, 14 (8), 571–575. doi:10.1191/0961203305lu2150rr

Eggleton P, Ukoumunne OC, Cottrell I, Khan A, Maqsood S, Thornes J, et al. (2014) "Autoantibodies against C1q as a diagnostic measure of Lupus Nephritis: Systematic review and meta-analysis." J Clin Cell Immunol, 5, 210.

Elkan AC, Gustafsson T, Jogestrand T, et al. (2012) "Diet and fatty acid pattern among patients with SLE: associations with disease activity, blood lipids and atherosclerosis." Lupus, 21(13), 1405–11. [PubMed: 22930204]

Erden A, Fanouriakis A, Kiliç L, et al. (2020) "Geoepidemiology and clinical characteristics of neonatal lupus erythematosus: a systematic literature review of individual patients’ data." Turk J Med Sci, 50(1), 281-290. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3906/sag1910-39.

Fanali G, di Masi A, Trezza V, Marino M, Fasano M, Ascenzi P. (2012) "Human serum albumin: From bench to bedside." Mol Asp Med, 33 (3), 209–290. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2011.12.002

Fanouriakis A, Kostopulou M, Alunno A, Aringer M, Bajema I, Boletis JN, et al. (2019) "2019 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus." Ann Rheum Dis, 78, 736-745.

Fathallah-Shaykh SA. (2017) "Proteinuria and progression of pediatric chronic kidney disease: lessons from recent clinical studies." Pediatr Nephrol, 32, 743-51.

Ferretti C, Antonio La-Cava. (2016) "Overview of the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus", in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Basic, Applied and Clinical Aspects. New York: Elsevier, pp. 55–62.

Fleetwood T, Cantello R, Comi C. (2018) "Antiphospholipid syndrome and the neurologist: From pathogenesis to therapy." Front Neurol, 9, 1001. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.01001

Flores-Mendoza G, Sansón SP, Rodríguez-Castro S, Crispín JC, Rosetti F. (2018) "Mechanisms of Tissue Injury in Lupus Nephritis." Trends Mol Med, 24, 364-78.

Franz S, et al. (2004) "The role of a defective clearance in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus." Arthtritis Res Ther, 6(Suppl 1), p. S34.

Freemer MM, King TE Jr, Criswell LA. (2006) "Association of smoking with dsDNA autoantibody production in systemic lupus erythematosus." Ann Rheum Dis, 65, 581–4. [PubMed: 16150789]

Friedman DM, Kim MY, Copel JA, Llanos C, Davis C, Buyon JP. (2009) "Prospective evaluation of fetuses with autoimmune-associated congenital heart block followed in the PR interval and dexamethasone evaluation (PRIDE) study." Am J Cardiol, 103, 1102-6.

Funauchi M, et al. (2001) "A possible role of apoptosis for regulating autoreactive responses in systemic lupus erythematosus." Lupus, 10, 284–288.

Gardner RM, Nyland JF, Silva IA, Ventura AM, de Souza JM, & Silbergeld, EK. (2010) "Mercury exposure, serum antinuclear/antinucleolar antibodies, and serum cytokine levels in mining populations in Amazonian Brazil: a cross-sectional study." Environmental research, 110(4), 345–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2010.02.001

Gilbert KM, Rowley B, Gomez-Acevedo H, Blossom SJ. (2011) "Coexposure to mercury increases immunotoxicity of trichloroethylene." Toxicological sciences: an official journal of the Society of Toxicology; 119(2):281–92. [PubMed: 21084432]

Gitelman MSK, Miller ML. (2004) "Systemic lupus erythematosus." Dalam: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, penyunting. Nelson textbook of pediatrics, edisi ke-17. Philadelphia: Saunders; 809-13.

Goilav B, Putterman C, Rubinstein TB. (2015) "Biomarkers for kidney involvement in pediatric lupus." Biomark Med, 9, 529-43.

Gorelik GJ, Yarlagadda S, Patel DR, Richardson BC. (2012) "Protein kinase Cd oxidation contributes to ERK inactivation in lupus T cells." Arthritis Rheumatol, 64, 2964–2974.

Gottschalk, T. A., Tsantikos, E., & Hibbs, M. L. (2015) "Pathogenic inflammation and its therapeutic targeting in systemic lupus erythematosus". Frontiers in Immunology, 6(550), pp. 1–17.

Grammer, A. C., et al. (2003) "B cell abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus". Arthritis Research & Therapy, 5(Suppl 4), p. S22.

Grimaldi, C. M., Cleary, J., Dagtas, A. S, Moussai, D., & Diamond, B. (2002) "Estrogen alters thresholds for B cell apoptosis and activation." J Clin Invest, 109, 1625–33. doi: 10.1172/JCI0214873

Gris, J. C., Nobile, B., & Bouvier, S. (2015). "Neuropsychiatric presentations of antiphospholipid antibodies." Thromb. Res. 135 (1), S56–S59. doi:10.1016/s00493848(15)50445-3

Groot N, de Graeff N, Marks SD, et al. (2017) "European evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of childhood-onset lupus nephritis: the SHARE initiative." Ann Rheum Dis, 76, 1965-73.

Gryka-Marton M, Szukiewicz D, Teliga-Czajkowska J, et al. (2021) "An Overview of Neonatal Lupus with Anti-Ro Characteristics." Int J Mol Sci, 22(17). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179281.

Gualtierotti, R., Biggioggero, M., Penatti, A. E., & Meroni, P. L. (2010) "Updating on the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus." Autoimmun Rev., 10(1), 3-7.

Hahn BH, McMahon MA, Wilkinson A, et al. (2012) "American College of Rheumatology guidelines for screening, treatment, and management of lupus nephritis." Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 64, 797-808.

Halperin, W., Vogt, R., Sweeney, M. H., et al. (1998). "Immunological markers among workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin." J Occup Env Med., 55(11), 742–9.

Heard, E. (2004) "Recent advances in X-chromosome inactivation." Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 16, 247–255.

Herrmann, M., et al. (1998) "Impaired Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cell Material by Monocyte-derived Macrophages from Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus." Arthrtitis & Reumatism, 41(7), pp. 1241–1250.

Hirohata, S., Arinuma, Y., Yanagida, T., & Yoshio, T. (2014). "Blood-brain barrier damages and intrathecal synthesis of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NR2 antibodies in diffuse psychiatric/neuropsychological syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus." Arthritis Res. Ther., 16 (2), R77. doi:10.1186/ar4518

Hirohata, S., & Kikuchi, H. (2021). "Role of serum IL-6 in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus." ACR Open Rheumatol., 3 (1), 42–49. doi:10.1002/ acr2.11217

Ho, R. C., Ong, H., Thiaghu, C., Lu, Y., Ho, C. S., & Zhang, M. W. (2016). "Genetic variants that are associated with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus." J. Rheumatol., 43 (3), 541–551. doi:10.3899/jrheum.150884

Hochberg MC. (1997) "Updating the American College of Rheumatology." Arthritis Rheum., 40(9), 1997.

Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D'Cruz D, et al. (2004) "Early response to immunosuppressive therapy predicts good renal outcome in lupus nephritis: lessons from long-term follow-up of patients in the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial." Arthritis Rheum, 50, 3934-40.

Hughes, G. C., Martin, D., Zhang, K., Hudkins, K. L., Alpers, C. E., Clark, E. A, et al. (2009) "Decrease in glomerulonephritis and Th1-associated autoantibody production after progesterone treatment in NZB/NZW mice." Arthritis Rheum., 60, 1775–84. doi: 10.1002/art.24548

Hultman, P., & Eneström, S. (1988) "Mercury induced antinuclear antibodies in mice: Characterization and correlation with renal immune complex deposits." Clin. Exp. Immunol., 71, 269–274.

Inui, H., Ogasawara, T., Naito, Sekigawa, I., Takasaki, Y., Hayashida, Y., Takamori, K., et al. (2007) "Estrogen receptor expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus." Clin Rheumatol., 26, 1675–8. doi: 10.1007/s10067-007-0568-3

Inzinger M, Salmhofer W, Binder B. (2012) "Neonatal lupus erythematosus and its clinical variability." J Dtsch Dermatol Ges, 10, 407-11.

Iwakiri, D., Zhou, L., Samanta, M., et al. (2009). "Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded small RNA is released from EBV-infected cells and activates signaling from Toll-like receptor 3." J Exp Med., 206, 2091–9.

Izmirly PM, Buyon JP, Saxena A. (2012) "Neonatal lupus: advances in understanding pathogenesis and identifying treatments of cardiac disease." Curr Opin Rheumatol, 24(5), 466-472. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/BOR.0b013e328356226b.

Izmirly PM, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Pisoni CN, et al. (2012) "Maternal use of hydroxychloroquine is associated with a reduced risk of recurrent anti-SSA/Ro-antibody-associated cardiac manifestations of neonatal lupus." Circulation, 126, 76-82.

Izmirly P, Saxena A, Buyon JP. (2017) "Progress in the pathogenesis and treatment of cardiac manifestations of neonatal lupus." Curr Opin Rheumatol, 29(5), 467-472. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/bor.0000000000000414.

Izmirly PM, Saxena A, Sahl SK, et al. (2016) "Assessment of fluorinated steroids to avert progression and mortality in anti-SSA/Ro-associated cardiac injury limited to the fetal conduction system." Ann Rheum Dis, 75, 1161-5.

Jacob, A., Bao, L., Brorson, J., Quigg, R. J., and Alexander, J. J. (2010a). "C3aR inhibition reduces neurodegeneration in experimental lupus." Lupus, 19, 73–82. doi:10.1177/0961203309348978

Jacob, A., Hack, B., Bai, T., Brorson, J. R., Quigg, R. J., and Alexander, J. J. (2010b). "Inhibition of C5a receptor alleviates experimental CNS lupus." J. Neuroimmunol., 221, 46–52. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.02.011

Jacob, C. O., Reiff, A., Armstrong, D. L., et al. (2007). "Identification of novel susceptibility genes in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus using a uniquely designed candidate gene pathway platform." Arthritis Rheum, 56, 4164–4173.

Jacob, C. O., Zhu, J., Armstrong, D. L., et al. (2009) "Identification of IRAK1 as a risk gene with a critical role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106, 6256–6261.

Jeltsch-David, H., and Muller, S. (2014). "Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: Pathogenesis and biomarkers." Nat. Rev. Neurol., 10, 579–596. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.148

James, J. A., Kaufman, K. M., Farris, A. D., et al. (1997). "An increased prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus infection in young patients suggests a possible etiology for systemic lupus erythematosus." J Clin Invest., 100(12), 3019–26.

James, J. A., Neas, B. R., Moser, K. L., et al. (2001). "Systemic lupus erythematosus in adults is associated with previous Epstein-Barr virus exposure." Arthritis Rheum., 44(5), 1122–6.

Kampylafka, E. I., Alexopoulos, H., Kosmidis, M. L., et al. (2013). "Incidence and prevalence of major central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: A 3-year prospective study of 370 patients." PLoS One, 8(2), e55843. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055843

Kanagasegar S, Cimaz R, Kurien BT, Brucato A, Scofield RH. (2002) "Neonatal lupus manifests as isolated neutropenia and mildly abnormal liver functions." J Rheumatol, 29, 187-91.

Kanda, N., Tsuchida, T., Tamaki, K. (1999). "Estrogen enhancement of anti-doublestranded DNA antibody and immunoglobulin G production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus." Arthritis Rheum., 328–37.

Kang, I., Quan, T., Nolasco, H., et al. (2004). "Defective control of latent Epstein-Barr virus infection in systemic lupus erythematosus." J Immunol, 172, 1287–94. [PubMed: 14707107]

Karassa, F. B., Afeltra, A., Ambrozic, A., Chang, D. M., De Keyser, F., Doria, A., et al. (2006). "Accuracy of anti-ribosomal P protein antibody testing for the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: An international meta-analysis." Arthritis Rheum, 54(1), 312–324. doi:10.1002/art.21539

Kashgarian M. (1992) "Clinical significance of renal biopsy in subacute lupus erythematosus." Transfusion Sci, 13, 135-44.

Keisler, L. W., Kier, A. B., Walker, S. E. (1991). "Effects of prolonged administration of the 19-nor-testosterone derivatives norethindrone and norgestrel to female NZB/W mice: comparison with medroxyprogesterone and ethinyl estradiol." Autoimmunity, 9, 21–32. doi: 10.3109/08916939108997120

Kilburn, K. H., Warshaw, R. H. (1992) "Prevalence of symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and of fluorescent antinuclear antibodies associated with chronic exposure to trichloroethylene and other chemicals in well water." Env Res., 57(1), 1–9. [PubMed: 1740091]

Kim J-W, Kim H-A, Suh C-H and Jung J-Y. (2022) "Sex hormones affect the pathogenesis and clinical characteristics of systemic lupus erythematosus." Front. Med., 9, 906475. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.906475

Kivity, S., Agmon-Levin, N., Zandman-Goddard, G., Chapman, J., and Shoenfeld, Y. (2015). "Neuropsychiatric lupus: A mosaic of clinical presentations." BMC Med, 13, 43. doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0269-8

Kiyohara C, Washio M, Horiuchi T, et al. (2014). "Modifying effect of N-acetyltransferase 2 genotype on the association between systemic lupus erythematosus and consumption of alcohol and caffeine-rich beverages." Arthritis Care Res., 66(7), 1048–56.

Klumb EM, Silva CA, Lanna CCD, et al. (2015). "Consensus of the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology for the diagnosis, management and treatment of lupus nephritis." Rev Bras Reumatol, 55, 1-21.

Kumar S. (2016) "Neonatal lupus: An update." Indian J Rheumatol, 11, 139-44.

Kuo C, Grainge MJ, Valdes AM, et al. (2015). "Familial Aggregation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Coaggregation of Autoimmune Diseases in Affected Families." JAMA Intern Med, 175(9), 1518–1526. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.3528

Lahita RG, Bradlow HL, Ginzler E, Pang S, New M. (1987). "Low plasma androgens in women with systemic lupus erythematosus." Arthritis Rheum, 30, 241–8. doi: 10.1002/art.1780300301

Lai, K. N. and Yap, D. Y. H. (2010) "Cytokines and their roles in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus: From basics to recent advances." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, pp. 1–11.

Lam GKW, Petri M. (2005) "Assessment of systemic lupus erythematosus." Clin Exp Rheumatol, 23(Suppl.39), 120-32.

Larsen MS, Sauce D, Deback C, et al. (2011). "Exhausted cytotoxic control of Epstein-Barr virus in human lupus." PLoS Pathog, 7, e1002328. [PubMed: 22028659]

Lee LA, Sokol RJ, Buyon JP. (2002) "Hepatobiliary disease in neonatal lupus: Prevalence and clinical characteristics in cases enrolled in a national registry." Pediatrics, 109, E11.

Lee LA. (2009) "The clinical spectrum of neonatal lupus." Arch Dermatol Res, 301, 107-10.

Legendre, P., Régent, A., Thiebault, M., and Mouthon, L. (2017). "Anti-endothelial cell antibodies in vasculitis: A systematic review." Autoimmun Rev, 16(2), 146–153. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2016.12.012

Lehman TJA. "Systemic lupus erythematosus in childhood and adolescence." In: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, editors. Dubois’ lupus erythematosus. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2007. p. 848-66.

Leigh J, Wang H, Bonin A, et al. (1997) "Silica-induced apoptosis in alveolar and granulomatous cells in vivo." Environ Health Perspect, 105(Suppl 5), 1241–5.

Levite, M. (2014). "Glutamate receptor antibodies in neurological diseases: antiAMPA-GluR3 antibodies, anti-NMDA-NR1 antibodies, anti-NMDA-nr2a/B antibodies, anti-mGluR1 antibodies or anti-mGluR5 antibodies are present in subpopulations of patients with either: Epilepsy, encephalitis, cerebellar ataxia, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and neuropsychiatric SLE, Sjogren’s syndrome, schizophrenia, mania or stroke." J. Neural Transm., 121(8), 1029–1075. doi:10.1007/s00702-014-1193-3

Levy DM, Kamphuis S. "Systemic lupus erythematosus in children and adolescents." Pediatr Clin North Am 2012;59:345-64.

Liang, Matthew & Corzillius, M. & Bae, Sejong & Lew, RA & Fortin, Paul & Gordon, C. & Isenberg, D. & Alarcon, Graciela & Straaton, K.V. & Denburg, J. & Denburg, S. & Esdaile, J.M. & Glanz, B.I. & Karlson, E.W. & Khoshbin, Shahram & Rogers, Malcolm & Schur, P.H. & Kozora, E. & Winer, John. (1999). "The American College of Rheumatology Nomenclature and Case Definitions for Neuropsychiatric Lupus Syndromes." Arthritis and Rheumatism, 42, 599-608. doi:10.1002/1529-0131(199904)42:4<599::AID-ANR2>3.0.CO;2-F.

Lim, S.Y.; Ghosh, S.K. (2005). “Autoreactive responses to environmental factors: 3. Mouse strain-specific differences in induction and regulation of anti-DNA antibody responses due to phthalate-isomers.” J. Autoimmun., 25, 33–45.

Linker-Israeli, M.; Elstner, E.; Klinenberg, J.R.; Wallace, D.J.; Koeffler, H.P. (2001) “Vitamin D3 and its synthetic analogs inhibit the spontaneous in vitro immunoglobulin production by SLE-derived PBMC.” Clin. Immunol., 99, 82–93.

Lisnevskaia, L.; Murphy, G.; Isenberg, D. (2014). “Systemic lupus erythematosus.” Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60128-8.

Li X, Huang X, Lu H. "Two case reports of neonatal autoantibody-associated congenital heart block." Medicine (Baltimore) 2018;97(45):e13185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000013185.

Li,X.,Sun,J.,Mu,R.,Gan,Y.,Wang,G.,He,J.,etal.(2019). "The clinical significance of ubiquitin carboxyl hydrolase L1 and its autoantibody in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus." Clin.Exp.Rheumatol., 37(3), 474–480.

Llanos C, Friedman DM, Saxena A, Izmirly PM, Tseng CE, Dische R, et al. "Anatomical and pathological findings in hearts from fetuses and infants with cardiac manifestations of neonatal lupus." Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012;51:1086-92.

Luo Y, Zhang L, Fei Y, et al. "Pregnancy outcome of 126 anti-SSA/Ro-positive patients during the past 24 years--a retrospective cohort study." Clin Rheumatol 2015;34(10):1721-1728. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-015-3050-7.

Liu, H. W., Lin, H. L., Yen, J. H., Tsai, W. C., Chiou, S. S., Chang, J. G., et al. (2014). “Demethylation within the proximal promoter region of human estrogen receptor a gene correlates with its enhanced expression: implications for female bias in lupus.” Mol Immunol., 61, 28–37. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.05.002.

Lu, Q.; Wu, A.; Richardson, B.C. (2005) “Demethylation of the same promoter sequence increases CD70 expression in lupus T cells and T cells treated with lupus-inducing drugs.” J. Immunol., 174, 6212–6219.

Lu, Q.; Wu, A.; Tesmer, L.; Ray, D.; Yousif, N.; Richardson, B. (2007). “Demethylation of CD40LG on the inactive X in T cells from women with lupus.” J. Immunol., 179, 6352–6358.

Magro-Checa, C., Zirkzee, E. J., Huizinga, T. W., and Steup-Beekman, G. M. (2016a). "Management of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: Current approaches and future perspectives." Drugs, 76(4), 459–483. doi:10.1007/s40265015-0534-3

Mahajan, A., Herrmann, M., & Muñoz, L. E. (2016). "Clearance Deficiency and Cell Death Pathways: A Model for the Pathogenesis of SLE." Frontiers in immunology, 7, 35. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00035

Maidhof, W., & Hilas, O. (2012). "Lupus: an overview of the disease and management options." P & T : a peer-reviewed journal for formulary management, 37(4), 240–249.

Mak, A.; Kow, N.Y. (2014) “The pathology of T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus”. J. Immunol. Res., 8.

Mak A, Mok CC, Chu WP, To CH, Wong SN, Au TC: "Renal damage in systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparative analysis of different age groups." Lupus, 16, 28-34.

Mak, A., & Tay, S. H. (2014). “Environmental factors, toxicants and systemic lupus erythematosus”. International journal of molecular sciences, 15(9), 16043–16056. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms150916043

Margutti,P.,Sorice,M.,Conti,F.,Delunardo,F.,Racaniello,M.,Alessandri,C.,etal. (2005). "Screening of an endothelial cDNA library identifies the C-terminal region of Nedd5 as a novel autoantigen in systemic lupus erythematosus with psychiatric manifestations." Arthritis Res. Ther., 7(4), R896–R903. doi:10.1186/ar1759

Martinez-Martinez MU, Sturbaum AK, Alcocer-Varela J, et al. "Factors associated with mortality and infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage." J Rheumatol 2014; 41:1656.

Matus, S., Burgos, P. V., Bravo-Zehnder, M., Kraft, R., Porras, O. H., Farías, P., et al. (2007). "Antiribosomal-P autoantibodies from psychiatric lupus target a novel neuronal surface protein causing calcium influx and apoptosis." J. Exp. Med., 204(13), 3221–3234. doi:10.1084/jem.20071285

McClain MT, Poole BD, Bruner BF, et al. (2006) “An altered immune response to Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus”. Arthritis Rheum., 54, 360–8.

McHugh, N. (2002). “Systemic lupus erythematosus and dysregulated apoptosis — what is the evidence?” Rheumatology, 41, pp. 242–245.

McMurray RW, May W. (2003). “Sex hormones and systemic lupus erythematosus: review and meta-analysis”. Arthritis Rheum., 48(8), 2100–10.

Meier, A. L., Bodmer, N. S., Wirth, C., Bachmann, L. M., Ribi, C., Pröbstel, A. K., et al. (2021). "Neuro-psychiatric manifestations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and results from the Swiss lupus cohort study." Lupus, 30(10), 1565–1576. doi:10.1177/09612033211025636

Michetti, F., Corvino, V., Geloso, M. C., Lattanzi, W., Bernardini, C., Serpero, L., et al. (2012). "The S100B protein in biological fluids: More than a lifelong biomarker of brain distress." J. Neurochem., 120(5), 644–659. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07612.x

Moak JP, Barron KS, Hougen TJ, Wiles HB, Balaji S, Sreeram N, et al. "Congenital heart block: Development of late-onset cardiomyopathy, a previously underappreciated sequela." J Am Coll Cardiol, 37, 238-42.

Mochizuki T, Aotsuka S, Satoh T. "Clinical and laboratory features of lupus patients with complicating pulmonary disease." Respir Med 1999; 93:95.

Mohan C, Putterman C. "Genetics and pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis." Nat Rev Rheumatol, 11, 329-41.

Moreno JA, Yuste C, Gutiérrez E, Sevillano ÁM, Rubio-Navarro A, Amaro-Villalobos JM, et al. "Haematuria as a risk factor For chronic kidney disease progression in glomerular diseases: A review." Pediatr Nephrol 2016;31:523-33.

Morton RL, Moore C, Coventry S, Langston C, Schikler K, Eid NS. "Pulmonary capillaritis and hemorrhage in neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE)." J Clin Rheumatol 2004;10:130-3.

Muñoz LE, Lauber K, Schiller M, Manfredi AA, Herrmann M. (2010) "The role of defective clearance of apoptotic cells in systemic autoimmunity." Nat Rev Rheumatol, 6, 280-9.

Munoz, L. E., Gaipl, U. S., Franz, S., Sheriff, A., Voll, R. E., Kalden, J. R., & Herrmann, M. (2005). “SLE--a disease of clearance deficiency?”. Rheumatology, (Oxford, England), 44(9), 1101–1107. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keh693

Munoz, L. et al. (2008). “Apoptosis in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus LE”. Lupus, 17, pp. 371–375.

Muñoz-Ortego, J., Torrente-Segarra, V., Prieto-Alhambra, D., Salman-Monte, T.C., Carbonell-Abello, J. (2012) “Prevalence and predictors of vitamin D deficiency in non-supplemented women with systemic lupus erythematosus in the Mediterranean region: A cohort study”. Scand. J. Rheumatol., 41, 472–475.

Nath SK, Han S, Kim-Howard X, Kelly JA, Viswanathan P, Gilkeson GS, et al.(2008). “A nonsynonymous functional variant in integrin-alpha(M) (encoded by ITGAM) is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus”. Nat Genet, 40, 152–154.

Neiman AR, Lee LA, Weston WL, Buyon JP. "Cutaneous manifestations of neonatal lupus without heart block: Characteristics of mothers and children enrolled in a national registry." J Pediatr 2000;137:674-80.

Nelson, Behrman, Kliegman, Jenson. "Systemic lupus erythematosus." In: Nelson ilmu kesehatan anak esensial Edisi keenam. Singapore: Saunders Elsevier; 2011; p. 258.

Nestor, J., Arinuma, Y., Huerta, T. S., Kowal, C., Nasiri, E., Kello, N., et al. (2018). "Lupus antibodies induce behavioral changes mediated by microglia and blocked by ACE inhibitors." J. Exp. Med., 215(10), 2554–2566. doi:10.1084/jem.20180776

Nowling TK, Gilkeson GS. "Mechanisms of tissue injury in lupus nephritis." Arthritis Res Ther, 13, 250.

Obermeier, B., Daneman, R., and Ransohoff, R. M. (2013). "Development, maintenance and disruption of the blood-brain barrier." Nat. Med., 19(12), 1584–1596. doi:10.1038/nm.3407Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24309662.

Olsson AR, Skogh T, Axelson O, et al. (2004) “Occupations and exposures in the work environment as determinants for rheumatoid arthritis”. J Occup Env Med, 61(3):233e8.

Papapavlou G, Hellberg S, Raffetseder J, Brynhildsen J, Gustafsson M, Jenmalm MC, et al. (2021) “Differential effects of estradiol and progesterone on human T cell activation in vitro”. Eur J Immunol., 51:2430–40. doi: 10.1002/eji. 202049144

Parks CG, De Roos AJ. (2014). “Pesticides, chemical and industrial exposures in relation to systemic lupus erythematosus”. Lupus, 23(6):527e36.

Parks CG, et al., (2017) “Understanding the role of environmental factors in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus”. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2017.09.005

Parks CG, Walitt BT, Pettinger M, et al. (2011). “Insecticide use and risk of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study”. Arthritis Care Res., 63(2):184–94.

Pathak, S. and Mohan, C. (2011). “Cellular and molecular pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus: Lessons from animal models”. Arthritis Research and Therapy, 13(5), pp. 1–9.

Peñate Y, Guillermo N, Rodríguez J, Hernández-Machín B, Montenegro T, Afonso JL, et al. "Histopathologic characteristics of neonatal cutaneous lupus erythematosus: Description of five cases and literature review." J Cutan Pathol 2009;36:660-7.

Perhimpunan Reumatologi Indonesia. 2011. "Diagnosis dan Pengelolaan Lupus Eritematosus Sistemik."

Perricone, C., Pendolino, M., Olivieri, M., Conti, F., Valesini, G., and Alessandri, C. (2015). "Neuropsychiatric manifestations associated with anti-endothelial cell antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus." Isr. Med. Assoc. J., 17(3), 171–178.

Petri M, Orbai AM, Alarcón GS, Gordon C, Merrill JT, Fortin PR, et al. "Derivation and Validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Classification Criteria for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus." Arthritis Rheum 2012;64:2677-86. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3410/f.718001863.793475227

Petri M. "Review of classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus." Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2005;31(2):245–54. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3410/f.718001863. 793475227

Plüß, M., Tampe, B., Niebusch, N., Zeisberg, M., Müller, G. A., and Korsten, P. (2020). "Clinical efficacy of routinely administered belimumab on proteinuria and neuropsychiatric lupus." Front. Med., 7, 222. doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00222

Pons-Estel, G. J., Alarcón, G. S., Scofield, L., Reinlib, L., & Cooper, G. S. (2010). "Understanding the epidemiology and progression of systemic lupus erythematosus." Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism, 39(4), 257–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2008.10.007

Pryor WA, Stone K. "Oxidants in cigarette smoke." (1993) “Radicals, hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrate, and peroxynitrite”.

Qiao, X., Wang, H., Lu, L., Chen, J., Cheng, Q., Guo, M., et al. (2021). "Hippocampal microglia CD40 mediates NPSLE cognitive dysfunction in mice." J. Neuroimmunol. 357, 577620. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577620

Qi S, Chen Q, Xu D, Xie N, Dai Y. "Clinical application of protein biomarkers in lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis." Lupus 2018;27:1582-90. DOI: 10.1177/0961203318773643

Ramanujan, S. A., Cravens, E. N., Krishfield, S. M., Kyttaris, V. C., Moulton, V.R. (2021) “Estrogen-induced hsa-miR-10b-5p is elevated in T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and down-regulates serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1”. Arthritis Rheumatol. 73:2052–8. doi: 10.1002/art.41787

Reed JH, Sim S, Wolin SL, Clancy RM, Buyon JP. "Ro60 requires Y3 RNA for cell surface exposure and inflammation associated with cardiac manifestations of neonatal lupus." J Immunol 2013;191:110-6.

Reidenberg, M.M. (1983). “Aromatic amines and the pathogenesis of lupus erythematosus”. Am. J. Med., 75, 1037–1042.

Remmers EF, Plenge RM, Lee AT, Graham RR, Hom G, Behrens TW, et al. (2007). "STAT4 and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus." N Engl J Med Sep 6; 357:977–986. [PubMed: 17804842]

Richardson, B. (2007). "Primer: Epigenetics of autoimmunity." Nat. Clin. Pract. Rheumatol. 3, 521–527.

Rich SA. "Human lupus inclusions and interferon." Science 1981;213:772-5.

Ritterhouse, L. L., Crowe, S. R., Niewold, T. B., Kamen, D.L., Macwana, S. R., Roberts, V. C., Dedeke, A. B., Harley, J. B., Scofield, R. H., Guthridge, J. M., et al. (2011). “Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased autoimmune response in healthy individuals and in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus”. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70, 1569–1574.

Robinson, A. B., Thierry-Palmer, M., Gibson, K. L., Rabinovich, C. E. (2012). “Disease activity, proteinuria, and vitamin D status in children with systemic lupus erythematosus and juvenile dermatomyositis”. J. Pediatr. 160, 297–302.

Rocca, M. A., Cacciaguerra, L., and Filippi, M. (2020). "Moving beyond antiaquaporin-4 antibodies: Emerging biomarkers in the spectrum of neuromyelitis optica." Expert Rev. Neurother. 20 (6), 601–618. doi:10.1080/14737175.2020.1764352

Rothermundt, M., Peters, M., Prehn, J. H., and Arolt, V. (2003). "S100B in brain damage and neurodegeneration." Microsc. Res. Tech. 60 (6), 614–632. doi:10.1002/jemt.10303

Ruffatti A, Cerutti A, Favaro M, Del Ross T, Calligaro A, Hoxha A, et al. "Plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulins and bethametasone – A combined protocol to treat autoimmune congenital heart block: A prospective cohort study." Clin Exp Rheumatol 2016;34:706-13.

Ruiz-Irastorza G, Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zeron P, Khamashta MA. "Clinical efficacy and side effects of antimalarials in systemic Lupus erythematosus: a systematic review." Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:20-8.

Rumancik B, Haggstrom AN, Ebenroth ES. "Neonatal lupus with left bundle branch block and cardiomyopathy: a case report." BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020;20(1):352. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1186/s12872-020-01637-4

Saikali, P., Cayrol, R., and Vincent, T. (2009). "Anti-aquaporin-4 auto-antibodies orchestrate the pathogenesis in neuromyelitis optica." Autoimmun. Rev. 9(2), 132–135. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2009.04.004

Sarwar, S., Mohamed, A. S., Rogers, S., Sarmast, S. T., Kataria, S., Mohamed, K. H., et al. (2021). "Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: A 2021 update on diagnosis, management, and current challenges." Cureus 13 (9), e17969. doi:10.7759/cureus.17969

Salazar, K. D., Copeland, C. B., Luebke, R. W. (2012). “Effects of Libby amphibole asbestos exposure on two models of arthritis in the Lewis rat”. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A., 75(6):351–65. [PubMed: 22480172]

Saleh, A. M., Kuniati, N., Syarif, B. H. 2014. "Penelitian Aktivitas Penyakit Lupus Eritematosus Sistemik dengan Skor SLEDAI di Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak RSCM." Sari Pediatri. 16(4):292-8.

Santer, D. M., Yoshio, T., Minota, S., Möller, T., and Elkon, K. B. (2009). "Potent induction of IFN-alpha and chemokines by autoantibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neuropsychiatric lupus." J. Immunol. 182 (2), 1192–1201. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.182.2.1192

Sanz, I. and Lee, F. E.-H. (2010). “B cells as therapeutic targets in SLE”. Nat Rev Rheumatol, 6(6), pp. 326–337.

Sarkar M, Hile G, Tsoi L, Xing X, Liu J, Liang Y et al. (2018). “Photosensitivity and type I IFN responses in cutaneous lupus are driven by epidermal derived interferon kappa”. Annals of Rheumatic Diseases, 77:1653–64.

Sawalha, A. H., Jeffries, M., Webb, R., Lu, Q., Gorelik, G., Ray, D., Osban, J., Knowlton, N., Johnson, K., Richardson, B. (2008). “Defective T-cell ERK signaling induces interferon-regulated gene expression and overexpression of methylation-sensitive genes similar to lupus patients”. Genes Immun., 9, 368–378.

Scheinbart, L. S., Johnson, M.A., Gross, L.A., Edelstein, S.R., Richardson, B.C. (1991). “Procainamide inhibits DNA methyltransferase in a human T cell line”. J. Rheumatol., 18, 530–534.

Sciascia, S., Bertolaccini, M. L., Roccatello, D., Khamashta, M. A., and Sanna, (2014). "Autoantibodies involved in neuropsychiatric manifestations associated with systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review." J. Neurol. 261 (9), 1706–1714. doi:10.1007/s00415-014-7406-8

Scott, R. S. et al. (2001). “Phagocytosis and clearance of apoptotic cells are mediated by MER”. 411(May), pp. 207–211.

Seligman VA, Lum RF, Olson JL, Li H, Criswell LA: "Demographic differences in the outcome of SLE nephritis: a retrospective analysis." Am Med 2002, 112:726-729.

Sembiring K, Irsa L, Evalina R, Lubis M. "Sensitivitas dan Spesifisitas Kriteria American College of Rheumatology (ACR) dan Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) untuk Diagnosis Lupus Eritematosus Sistemik." Cermin Dunia Kedokteran. 2019.

Sen, J., and Belli, A. (2007). "S100B in neuropathologic states: The CRP of the brain?" J. Neurosci. Res. 85 (7), 1373–1380. doi:10.1002/jnr.21211

Shenker, B. J., Mayro, J. S., Rooney, C., Vitale, L., Shapiro, I.M. (1993). "Immunotoxic effects of mercuric compounds on human lymphocytes and monocytes. IV. Alterations in cellular glutathione content." Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol., 15, 273–290.

Shenker, B. J., Guo, T. L., Shapiro, I.M. (1998). "Low-Level methylmercury exposure causes human T-cells to undergo apoptosis: Evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction." Environ. Res., 77, 149–159.

Sibbitt, W. L., Jr., Brooks, W. M., Kornfeld, M., Hart, B. L., Bankhurst, A. D., and Roldan, C. A. (2010). "Magnetic resonance imaging and brain histopathology in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus." Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 40 (1), 32–52. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2009.08.005

Singla S, Canter DL, Vece TJ, et al. "Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage as a Manifestation of Childhood-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus." Hosp Pediatr 2016; 6:496.

Sinha R, Raut S. "Pediatric lupus nephritis: Management update." World J Nephrol 2014;3:16-23.

Silverman E, Jaeggi E. "Non-cardiac manifestations of neonatal lupus erythematosus." Scand J Immunol 2010;72:223-5.

Siracusa, M. C., Overstreet, M.G., Housseau, F., Scott, A.L., Klein, S.L. (2008) “17betaestradiol alters the activity of conventional and IFN-producing killer dendritic cells”. J Immunol., 180:1423–31. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.3.1423

Smith EM, Jorgensen AL, Midgley A, Oni L, Goilav B, Putterman C, et al. "International validation of a urinary biomarker Panel for identification of active lupus nephritis in children." Pediatr Nephrol 2017;32:283-95.

Sofi, F., Cesari, F., Abbate, R., et al. (2008). “Adherence to Mediterranean diet and health status: metaanalysis”. BMJ, 337:a1344. [PubMed: 18786971]

Soliman S, Mohan C. "Lupus nephritis biomarkers." Clin Immunol 2017;185:10-20.

Spence D, Hornberger L, Hamilton R, et al. "Increased risk of complete congenital heart block in infants born to women with hypothyroidism and anti-Ro and/or anti-La antibodies." J Rheumatol 2006;33(1):167-170.

Sprangers B, Monahan M, Appel GB. "Diagnosis and treatment of lupus nephritis flares--an update." Nat Rev Nephrol 2012;8:709-17.

Stannard, J. N., Reed, T.J., Myers, E., Lowe, L., Sarkar, M. K., Xing, X. et al. (2017) “Lupus Skin Is Primed for IL-6 Inflammatory Responses through a Keratinocyte-Mediated Autocrine Type I Interferon Loop”. The Journal of investigative dermatology, 137:115–22

Stock, A. D., Gelb, S., Pasternak, O., Ben-Zvi, A., and Putterman, C. (2017). "The blood-brain barrier and neuropsychiatric lupus: New perspectives in light of advances in understanding the neuroimmune interface." Autoimmun. Rev. 16 (6), 612–619. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2017.04.008

Strickland F. M., Hewagama, A., Wu, A., et al. (2013). “Diet influences the expression of autoimmune-associated genes and disease severity by epigenetic mechanisms in a transgenic mouse model of lupus”. Arthritis Rheum., 65(7):1872–81. [PubMed: 23576011

Sun, J., Li, X., Zhou, H., Liu, X., Jia, J., Xie, Q., et al. (2019). "Anti-GAPDH autoantibody is associated with increased disease activity and intracranial pressure in systemic lupus erythematosus." J. Immunol. Res. 2019, 7430780. doi:10.1155/2019/7430780

Stichweh D, Arce E, Pascual V. "Update on pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus." Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2004; 16:577).

Rider, V., Li, X., Peterson, G., Dawson, J., Kimler, B. F., Abdou, N. I. (2006). “Differential expression of estrogen receptors in women with systemic lupus erythematosus”. J Rheumatol., 33:1093–101.

Rünger TM, Epe B, Moller K. (1995). “Processing of directly and indirectly ultraviolet-induced DNA damage in human cells”. Recent Results Cancer Res, 139:31e42.

Tahernia, L. et al. (2017). “Cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus : their role in the pathogenesis of the disease and possible therapeutic opportunities”. Rheumatology Research Journal, 2(1), pp. 1–9.

Takvorian, S. U, Merola, J. F., Costenbader, K. H. (2014) “Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus”. Lupus, 23(6): 537-544.

Tan EM, Cohen AS, Fries JF, Masi AT, Mcshane DJ, Rothfield NF, et al. "The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus." Arthritis Rheum. 1982;25(11):1271–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/art.17802511 01

Teixeira V, Gonçalo M. "[Neonatal lupus erythematosus – review of pathophysiology and clinical implications]." Acta Reumatol Port 2012;37(4):314-323.

Thirunavukkarasu, B., Gupta, K., Nada, R., Rathi, M., Dhir, V., Ahuja, C. K., et al.(2021). "Neuropathological spectrum in systemic lupus erythematosus: A single institute autopsy experience." J. Neuroimmunol. 353, 577518. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577518

Thurman JM, Nester CM. "All things complement." Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2016;11:1856-66

Tokunaga, M., Saito, K., Kawabata, D., Imura, Y., Fujii, T., Nakayamada, S., et al. (2007). "Efficacy of rituximab (anti-CD20) for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus involving the central nervous system." Ann. Rheum. Dis. 66 (4), 470–475. doi:10.1136/ard.2006.057885

Touma Z, Cervera R, Brinks R, Lorenzoni V, Tani C, Hoyer BF, et al. "Associations Between Classification Criteria Items in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus." Arthritis Care Res. 2020;72(12):1820. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.24078

Trapani S, Camiciottoli G, Ermini M, et al. "Pulmonary involvement in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus: a study on lung function in patients asymptomatic for respiratory disease." Lupus 1998; 7:545.

Tselios, Ik. et al. (2017). "T Regulatory Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects", in Khan, W. A. (ed.) Lupus. Intech, pp. 123–156.

Unterman, A., Nolte, J. E., Boaz, M., Abady, M., Shoenfeld, Y., and Zandman-Goddard, G. (2011). "Neuropsychiatric syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus: A meta-analysis." Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 41 (1), 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2010.08.001Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20965549

Vera-Lastra, O., Jara, L. J., Espinoza, L. R. (2002). "Prolactin and autoimmunity." Autoimmun Rev., 1:360–4. [PubMed: 12848992]

Valesini, G., Alessandri, C., Celestino, D., and Conti, F. (2006). "Anti-endothelial antibodies and neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus." Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1069, 118–128. doi:10.1196/annals.1351.010

Vanoni F, Lava SAG, Fossali EF, et al. "Neonatal Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Syndrome: a Comprehensive Review." Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2017;53(3):469-476. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-017-8653-0.

Vyklicky, V., Korinek, M., Smejkalova, T., Balik, A., Krausova, B., Kaniakova, M., et al. (2014). "Structure, function, and pharmacology of NMDA receptor channels." Physiol. Res. 63 (1), S191–S203. doi:10.33549/physiolres.932678

Wang, J., Kay, A.B., Fletcher, J., Formica, M. K., McAlindon, T.E. (2008). "Is lipstick associated with the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?". Clin. Rheumatol. 27, 1183–1187.

Wang Y, Yu F, Song D, Wang SX, Zhao MH. "Podocyte involvement in lupus nephritis based on the 2003 ISN/RPS system: a large cohort study from a single centre." Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014;53:1235-44.

Wang, Y., Zhu, M., Liu, C., Han, J., Lang, W., Gao, Y., et al. (2018). "Blood-brain barrier permeability could Be a biomarker to predict the severity of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: A retrospective analysis." Front. Neurol. 9, 648. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00648

Wang, Z., Patel, D.J. (2011). “Combinatorial readout of dual histone modifications by paired chromatin-associated modules”. J. Biol. Chem., 286, 18363–18368.

Weening JJ, D'Agati VD, Schwartz MM, Seshan SV, Alpers CE, Appel GB, et al.; International Society of Nephrology Working Group on the Classification of Lupus Nephritis; Renal Pathology Society Working Group on the Classification of Lupus Nephritis. "The classification of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus revisited." Kidney Int 2004;65:521-30.

Weening JJ, D'Agati VD, Schwartz MM, Seshan SV, Alpers CE, Appel GB, et al. "The classification of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus revisited." J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:241-50.

Weidenbusch, M., Kulkarni, O. P. and Anders, H.-J. (2017). “The innate immune system in human systemic lupus erythematosus”, Clinical Science, 131(8), pp. 625–634.

Weiss, J. E. (2019). “Pediatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus : More Than a Positive Antinuclear Antibody”. Pediatrics in Review, 33(2), pp. 62–77.

Whittam, D. H., Tallantyre, E. C., Jolles, S., Huda, S., Moots, R. J., Kim, H. J., et al. (2019). "Rituximab in neurological disease: Principles, evidence and practice." Pract. Neurol. 19 (1), 5–20. doi:10.1136/practneurol-2018-001899

Wilhelmson A. S., Lantero Rodriguez, M., Stubelius, A., Fogelstrand, P., Johansson, I., Buechler, M. B, et al. (2018). “Testosterone is an endogenous regulator of BAFF and splenik B cell number”. Nat Commun. 9:2067. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04408-0

Wilhelmson, A. S., Stubelius, A., Börjesson, A. E., Wu, J., Stern, A., Malin, S., et al. (2015). “Androgens regulate bone marrow B lymphopoiesis in male mice by targeting osteoblast-lineage cells”. Endocrinology, 156:1228–36. doi: 10.1210/en. 2014-1822

Wilhelmus S, Alpers CE, Cook HT, Ferrario F, Fogo AB, Haas M, et al. "The revisited classification of GN in SLE at 10 years: time to re-evaluate histopathologic lesions." J Am Soc Nephrol 2015;26:2938-46.

Wilhelmus, S. (1982). “Systemic lupus erythematosus: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment”. Leiden University.

Wilson, C. B., Rowell, E., Sekimata, M. (2009) “Epigenetic control of T-helper-cell differentiation”. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 9, 91–105.

Wong, A. H., Agrawal, N., Hughes, G. C. (2015). “Altered IgG autoantibody levels and CD4(+) T cell subsets in lupus-prone Nba2 mice lacking the nuclear progesterone receptor”. Autoimmunity. 48:389–401. doi: 10.3109/08916934.2015. 1030613

Wu, Z., Sun, Y., Mei, X., Zhang, C., Pan, W., Shi, W. (2014). “17b-oestradiol enhances global DNA hypomethylation in CD4-positive T cells from female patients with lupus, through overexpression of estrogen receptor-a-mediated downregulation of DNMT1”. Clin Exp Dermatol. 39:525–32. doi: 10.1111/ced.12346

Wu, H. et al. (2017). “Dysregulation of Cell Death and Its Epigenetic Mechanisms in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus”. Molecules, 22, pp. 1–12.

Yang, Y., Yuan, C., Shen, S. Q., Wang, X. E., Mei, Q. H., Jiang, W. Q., et al. (2017). "Autoantibodies to NR2A peptide of the glutamate/NMDA receptor in patients with seizure disorders in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus." Mediat Inflamm. 2017, 5047898. doi:10.1155/2017/5047898

Yayasan Lupus Indonesia. 2012. "Lupus di Indonesia." (Cited 2023 September). Available from: http://yayasanlupusindonesia.org/

Yin Y, Wu X, Shan G, Zhang X. "Diagnostic value of serum anti-C1q antibodies in patients with lupus nephritis: a metaanalysis." Lupus 2012;21:1088-97.

Yoshio, T., Okamoto, H., Kurasawa, K., Dei, Y., Hirohata, S., and Minota, S. (2016). "IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1 and G-CSF are significantly increased in cerebrospinal fluid but not in sera of patients with central neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus." Lupus 25 (9), 997–1003. doi:10.1177/0961203316629556

Young, N. A., Wu, L. C., Burd, C. J., Friedman, A. K., Kaffenberger, B. H., Rajaram, M.V., et al. (2014). “Estrogen modulation of endosome-associated toll-like receptor 8: an IFNa-independent mechanism of sex-bias in systemic lupus erythematosus”. Clin Immunol, 151:66–77. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.01.006

Young, N. A., Valiente, G. R, Hampton, J. M., Wu, L.C., Burd, C. J., Willis, W. L, et al. (2017). "Estrogen-regulated STAT1 activation promotes TLR8 expression to facilitate signaling via microRNA-21 in systemic lupus erythematosus". Clin Immunol., 176:12–22. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.12.005

Yung, R., Powers, D., Johnson, K., et al. (1996). "Mechanisms of drug-induced lupus. II. T cells overexpressing lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 become autoreactive and cause a lupus-like disease in syngeneic mice". J Clin Invest, 97(12): 2866-71.

Zahn, S., Graef, M., Patsinakidis, N., Landmann, A., Surber, C., Wenzel, J., et al. (2014). "Ultraviolet light protection by a sunscreen prevents interferon-driven skin inflammation in cutaneous lupus erythematosus". Experimental Dermatology, 23:516–8.

Zampelas, A., Panagiotakos, D., Pitsavos, C., et al. (2004). "Associations between coffee consumption and inflammatory markers in healthy persons: the ATTICA study". Am J Clin Nutr., 80:862–7. [PubMed: 15447891]

Zhang, X., et al. (2010). "Increased CD4+CD25-Foxp3+ T Cells in New-onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients are Phenotypically and Functionally Different from Classic Regulatory T Cells". Clinical Immunology. Elsevier B.V., 135, pp. S22–S23.

Zhang, Y., Han, H., and Chu, L. (2020). "Neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus: Future directions and challenges; a systematic review and survey." Clin. (Sao Paulo) 75, e1515. doi:10.6061/clinics/2020/e1515

Zickert A, Sundelin B, Svenungsson E, Gunnarsson I. "Role of early repeated renal biopsies in lupus nephritis." Lupus Sci Med 2014;1:e000018.

Downloads

Published

August 20, 2024

Categories