PROBIOTIK DAN ACIDIFIERS UNTUK UNGGAS
Keywords:
zero hunger, ketahanan pangan, genetik, probiotik, acidifiers, ternak unggasSynopsis
Ayam pedaging atau ayam broiler, memiliki pertumbuhan yang cepat sehingga bisa dipanen dalam waktu empat hingga lima minggu, tergantung kebutuhan atau permintaan pasar. Kelebihan dari ayam pedaging yang dapat dipelihara dalam waktu relatif singkat tersebut dipengaruhi oleh faktor genetik, lingkungan pemeliharaan, pemenuhan kebutuhan nutrisi, baik secara kuantitas maupun kualitas, suhu lingkungan yang tepat, serta manajemen pemeliharaan yang tepat dan efisien. Daging ayam yang dihasilkan merupakan salah satu sumber protein hewani yang terjangkau oleh semua lapisan masyarakat (Umam et al., 2015). Dalam usaha peternakan ayam pedaging, biaya produksi terbesar terkait dengan pemenuhan penyediaan pakan ternak, sehingga dibutuhkan inovasi untuk menghindari terjadinya peningkatan biaya pakan. Salah satu cara atau inovasi yang dapat digunakan antara lain adalah dengan menggunakan feed additive. Feed additive adalah bahan tambahan yang diberikan dalam jumlah sedikit ke dalam pakan untuk meningkatkan nilai nutrisi tersebut untuk memenuhi kebutuhan khusus ayam.
Salah satu feed additive yang sering digunakan untuk membantu peningkatan pertumbuhan ternak adalah dengan penggunaan antibiotika, namun seiring berjalannya waktu, penggunaan antibiotika sebagai salah satu feed additive yang membantu meningkatkan pertumbuhan telah dilarang penggunaannya di banyak negara. Oleh karena itu, para peternak beralih ke penggunaan probiotik sebagai alternatif pengganti Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGP). Probiotik diketahui memiliki berbagai manfaat, antara lain dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan efisiensi pakan (Lokapirnasari et al., 2019; Lokapirnasari et al., 2022a; Lokapirnasari et al., 2023), meningkatkan kualitas dan produksi telur (Lokapirnasari et al., 2020a), meningkatkan performa ternak dan kualitas daging ayam (Yulianto et al., 2020a), dapat berperan sebagai immunomodulator (Yulianto et al., 2021) serta dapat meningkatkan kualitas bahan pakan (Lokapirnasari et al., 2022b). Penggunaan probiotik menjadi optimal apabila pH saluran pencernaan ayam sesuai dengan pH untuk pertumbuhan bakteri asam laktat (BAL). Apabila pertumbuhan BAL optimal, maka dapat menekan pertumbuhan bakteri patogen sehingga terjadi penurunan jumlah bakteri patogen dalam usus. Penurunan jumlah bakteri patogen menyebabkan villi-villi usus berkembang secara optimal sehingga membantu proses penyerapan nutrien menjadi lebih baik. Bakteri asam laktat dapat memproduksi antibakteri antara lain bakteriosin, sehingga membuat mikroba patogen tertekan pertumbuhannya.
Penurunan jumlah mikroba patogen juga terjadi pada feses, feses tidak terdeaminasi sehingga konsentrasi NH3 menjadi rendah. Amonia atau gas NH3 dapat mencemari lingkungan, menurunkan performa ternak, serta menurunkan imunitas sehingga ternak menjadi rentan terhadap penyakit. Kadar air dalam feses juga akan menurun bila jumlah bakteri patogen rendah. Kadar air dalam feses yang tinggi dapat mempengaruhi sanitasi dalam lingkungan kandang, serta dapat memicu segala jenis penyakit yang dapat menyerang ternak. Kadar air dalam feses perlu diturunkan agar ternak menjadi lebih sehat, tidak menghambat pertumbuhan serta tidak menurunkan produksi ternak. Kadar air feses sangat berpengaruh dengan tingkat pertumbuhan ayam, oleh karena itu kadar air feses perlu diturunkan. Penurunan kadar air dan kadar N-NH3 feses dapat diturunkan dengan cara menekan bakteri patogen dalam saluran pencernaan. Penurunan bakteri patogen dapat dilakukan dengan penggunaan bakteri asam laktat (BAL). Bakteri asam laktat dalam probiotik akan tumbuh optimal jika pH dalam saluran pencernaan sesuai dengan pH untuk BAL.
Selain pemberian probiotik pada pakan dapat juga ditambahkan acidifier yang berguna memperbaiki saluran pencernaan pada ternak agar lebih sehat. Penambahan acidifier bertujuan agar proses pencernaan dalam tubuh ternak akan meningkat dengan cara peningkatan kinerja enzim pencernaan. Penggunaan asam-asam organik diketahui dapat meningkatkan jumlah bakteri asam laktat pada ileum dan cecum pada ayam pedaging. Sejumlah asam organik yang diketahui dapat meningkatkan kesehatan, antara lain asam fumarat (fumaric acid), asam format (formic acid), asam laktat (lactic acid), dan asam sitrat (citric acid), serta garamnya. Selain efek higiene, asam organik turut berperan dalam membantu proses pencernaan pakan, eubiosis pada flora usus, efek kesehatan, dan peningkatan performa dan produktivitas ternak. Pertumbuhan bakteri asam laktat dapat dioptimalkan dengan penambahan acidifier dalam ransum. Acidifier diformulasikan dari asam-asam organik yang bermanfaat dalam preservasi serta proteksi pakan terhadap mikroflora patogen serta jamur. Acidifier dapat langsung berdampak pada ternak terutama perbaikan pada feed digestibility.
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